METEO 3 Lesson 12 Images
Lesson 12: Hurricanes
Introduction
list of costliest U.S. weather disasters from 1980 through 2017

Text description of the the list of costliest weather disasters in the U.S from 1980 through 2017 image.
The image is a table detailing information about several notable hurricanes. It consists of five columns: Event, Begin Date, End Date, Summary, CPI-Adjusted Estimated Cost (In Billions), and Deaths. Four hurricanes are listed: Katrina, Harvey, Maria, and Sandy. Each row provides specific details about the hurricane, including the category, affected areas, and consequences.
| Event | Begin Date | End Date | Summary | CPI-Adjusted Estimated Cost (in Billions) | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hurricane Katrina August 2005 | 2005-08-25 | 2005-08-30 | Category 3 hurricane initially impacts the U.S. as a Category 1 near Miami, FL, then as a strong Category 3 along the eastern LA-western MS coastlines, resulting in severe storm surge damage (maximum surge probably exceeded 30 feet) along the LA-MS-AL coasts, wind damage, and the failure of parts of the levee system in New Orleans. Inland effects included high winds and some flooding in the states of AL, MS, FL, TN, KY, IN, OH, and GA. | $163.8 | 1,833 |
| Hurricane Harvey August 2017 | 2017-08-25 | 2017-08-31 | Category 4 hurricane made landfall near Rockport, Texas causing widespread damage. Harvey's devastation was most pronounced due to the large region of extreme rainfall producing historic flooding across Houston and surrounding areas. More than 30 inches of rainfall fell on 6.9 million people, while 1.25 million experienced over 45 inches and 11,000 had over 50 inches, based on 7-day rainfall totals ending August 31. This historic U.S. rainfall caused massive flooding that displaced over 30,000 people and damaged or destroyed over 200,000 homes and businesses. | $126.3 | 89 |
| Hurricane Maria September 2017 | 2017-09-19 | 2017-09-21 | Category 4 hurricane made landfall in southeast Puerto Rico after striking the U.S. Virgin Island of St. Croix. Maria's high winds caused widespread devastation to Puerto Rico's transportation, agriculture, communication and energy infrastructure. Extreme rainfall of up to 37 inches produced widespread flooding and mudslides across the island. The interruption to commerce and standard living conditions will be sustained for a long period, as much of Puerto Rico's infrastructure is rebuilt. Maria tied Hurricane Wilma (2005) for the most rapid intensification strengthening from tropical depression to Category 5 storm in 54 hours. Maria's landfall at Category 4 strength gives the U.S. a record three Category 4+ landfalls this year (Maria, Harvey, and Irma). A reanalysis on the number of deaths due to Maria is being conducted and will be updated in the coming months. | $90.9 | 65 |
| Hurricane Sandy October 2012 | 2012-10-30 | 2012-10-31 | Extensive damage across several northeastern states (MD, DE, NJ, NY, CT,MA,RI) due to high wind and coastal strm surg, particularly NY and NJ. Damage from wind, rain and heavy snow. | $71.5 | 159 |
Classifying Tropical Cyclones
color-enhanced water vapor loop from July 9, 2018 (0:03)
Text description of the color-enhanced water vapor loop from July 9, 2018 (0:03)
The image is a satellite infrared visualization of a large storm system swirling over a region that includes part of the eastern United States. The visual is dominated by vibrant colors indicating different temperature ranges. A large, swirling mass on the left features a distinct spiral pattern typical of a cyclonic storm. The center of the spiral exhibits a bright green and yellow color, transitioning to purple and gray hues toward the edges. A secondary spiral is visible further to the north, with a similarly intense color palette. The background features deep reds, oranges, and grays, highlighting variations in temperature and atmospheric pressure. The edge of the U.S. coastline is faintly visible on the left side of the image.
Tropical Cyclone Climatology
frequency plot for tropical cyclones

Text description of the frequency plot for tropical cyclones image.
The image is a world map focused on the Pacific and Indian Oceans, displaying regions in vibrant colors indicating varying levels of data intensity. The map features latitude markings from 40°S to 40°N and longitude markings from 40°E to 80°W. Areas over the ocean are highlighted with a color gradient ranging from purple, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, to red, signifying increasing intensity levels. Red, the most intense, is concentrated mainly in the Northwestern Pacific and along the equatorial Pacific zone. Landmasses are depicted in a beige hue. Below the map, a color scale provides numerical values ranging from 0.01 (dark purple) to 0.55 (dark red), representing intensity levels.
long-term average sea-surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean from June to November

Text description of the long-term average sea-surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean from June to November image.
The image is a map displaying sea surface temperature (SST) patterns across the North Atlantic Ocean and parts of the adjacent continents. Color gradients range from deep blue, indicating cooler temperatures, to dark red, representing warmer temperatures. Contour lines and temperature labels are overlaid to denote specific temperature zones. The map highlights warm temperatures in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico with colors transitioning from orange to red. Cooler temperatures are represented in the North Atlantic with shades of blue and purple. Surrounding landmasses, including parts of North and South America, Africa, and Europe, are outlined in black and filled in white. A color scale at the bottom of the map indicates temperature values from 19°C to 29°C.
figure showing typical breeding grounds for tropical cyclones

Text description of the figure showing typical breeding grounds for tropical cyclones image.
The image is a world map with a grid overlay, showing regions highlighted in white and outlined with red arrows, indicating cyclone paths. The map has seven numbered areas, each with distinct curved routes. Area 1 is in the North Atlantic, Area 2 in the Eastern Pacific, Area 3 in the Western Pacific, Area 4 in the North Indian Ocean, Area 5 in the Southwestern Indian Ocean, Area 6 in the Southeastern Indian Ocean, and Area 7 in the Southwestern Pacific Ocean. The green landmasses contrast with the blue oceans, making the highlighted areas noticeable. The red arrows depict the general direction of cyclone movements in these regions.
higher sea-surface temperatures

Text description of the higher sea-surface temperatures image.
The image is a map showing sea surface temperatures in the North Atlantic Ocean from August to October. It features a color gradient indicating varying temperatures, ranging from purple at the coolest (18°C) to red at the warmest (approx. 30°C). The Caribbean Sea and parts of the western Atlantic Ocean are predominantly dark orange to red, indicating higher temperatures. Temperature contours are marked at 2°C intervals. The map also outlines parts of North, Central, and South America on the left and the western coast of Africa on the right. A color scale is provided below the map for reference.
daily occurrence of tropical storms, minor hurricanes (Category 1 or 2), and intense (major) hurricanes

Text description of the daily occurrence of tropical storms, minor hurricanes (Category 1 or 2), and intense (major) hurricanes image.
The image is a line graph displaying the frequency of tropical storms, minor hurricanes, and intense hurricanes from May 1 to December 1. The horizontal axis represents the date, while the vertical axis shows the number of 6-hour periods, ranging from 0 to 160. Three colored lines represent different storm categories: red for tropical storms, blue for minor hurricanes, and green for intense hurricanes. The red line peaks prominently around early September, indicating a significant number of tropical storms during this period. The blue line also shows a peak in early September, though it's lower than the red line, indicating fewer minor hurricanes. The green line, representing intense hurricanes, shows a smaller peak around the same time. A legend in the upper left corner labels the lines: "Tropical Storms" in red, "Minor Hurricanes" in blue, and "Intense Hurricanes" in green.
eastern North Pacific

Text description of the eastern North Pacific image.
The image is a graph showing the average cumulative number of systems per year from the period of 1971 to 2009. The x-axis represents dates from January 1 to December 31. The y-axis shows the number of systems, ranging from 0 to 17. Three curves depict different categories of systems: red for "Named Systems," blue for "Hurricanes," and green for "Cat 3+ Hurricanes." The red curve rises steeply, plateauing near 15.3. The blue curve also increases, leveling off at 8.5. The green curve, representing Category 3 or higher hurricanes, climbs more gradually to 3.8. An inset map of the "Northeastern Pacific Basin" is situated in the upper left corner, depicting geographical areas in green against a blue ocean background.
long-term means of sea-surface temperatures from May 15 to May 31

Text description of the long-term means of sea-surface temperatures from May 15 to May 31 image.
The image is a colorful contour map showing a section of the northwestern hemisphere, including parts of Mexico and Central America. It features varying colors to indicate different data levels, likely temperature or rainfall, across the region. The colors range from dark purple, blue, and green in the northwest to shades of yellow, orange, and red towards the southwest. This gradient suggests varying intensities of the measured variable, with purple representing the lowest levels, and red the highest. The map includes a color scale on the right side, ranging from 18 to 30. The top of the image has textual information indicating it is from the NOAA-CIRES/Climate Diagnostics Center.
annual sea-surface temperature averages

Text description of the annual sea-surface temperature averages image.
The image depicts a map of sea surface temperatures (SST) in the western Pacific Ocean, using a range of colors to represent different temperature zones. The map is marked with latitude from 5°S to 35°N and longitude from 105°E to 180°E. The temperature scale at the bottom ranges from 17°C to 29°C, represented by colors from purple to red. The map is part of NOAA's Extended SST datasets, reflecting climatology from 1981 to 2010. Each colored area corresponds to a specific temperature band, with cooler temperatures in blues and purples to warmer temperatures in oranges and reds. Major landmasses, including parts of Southeast Asia, are outlined in black.
What's in a Name?
Tropical Cyclone Ingredients: Part I
yellow and orange shaded areas on the map of sea-surface temperatures on the right

Text description of the yellow and orange shaded areas on the map of sea-surface temperatures on the right image.
The image is divided into two segments. On the left side, there is a weather radar visualization of a hurricane approaching the southeastern United States, specifically Florida. The hurricane is depicted with a spiral pattern and a distinct eye at the center, using vibrant colors: red and orange indicate intense areas, surrounded by yellow and green bands showing decreasing intensity. Blue hues show the outer rain bands and lighter precipitation, set against a black background representing the sea. The outline of Florida and its neighboring states is traced in bright orange lines.
On the right side, the image presents a color-coded map displaying a meteorological model or data set. This map uses shades of green, yellow, and blue to represent varying degrees of a weather variable across the region, such as temperature or precipitation, covering parts of the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding land areas. The colors form an abstract, pixelated pattern over the pale gray landmass, likely indicating data points or differing values in various areas.
passed right over Bonnie's cool wake between August 29th through the 31st

Text description of the passed right over Bonnie's cool wake between August 29th through the 31st image.
The image is a weather map depicting the projected paths of two tropical storms, named Bonnie and Danielle, over the North Atlantic Ocean. The map covers a portion of the eastern United States coastline, the Caribbean, and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The background is a grid with latitude and longitude lines marked in 10-degree increments. The path of Tropical Storm Bonnie is shown in purple, moving northwest toward the United States East Coast. Meanwhile, Tropical Storm Danielle's path is marked in yellow and white, curving northeastward into the Atlantic. A legend in the bottom left corner identifies the colors used to represent different storm categories, ranging from tropical depression to Category 5 hurricane. Dates and times (in UTC) are annotated along the storm paths.
tropical cyclone climatology

Text description of the tropical cyclone climatology image.
The image is a world map focused on the Pacific and Indian Oceans, displaying regions in vibrant colors indicating varying levels of data intensity. The map features latitude markings from 40°S to 40°N and longitude markings from 40°E to 80°W. Areas over the ocean are highlighted with a color gradient ranging from purple, blue, cyan, green, yellow, orange, to red, signifying increasing intensity levels. Red, the most intense, is concentrated mainly in the Northwestern Pacific and along the equatorial Pacific zone. Landmasses are depicted in a beige hue. Below the map, a color scale provides numerical values ranging from 0.01 (dark purple) to 0.55 (dark red), representing intensity levels.
on the southern tip of Malaysia

Text description of the on the southern tip of Malaysia image.
The image is a map of Southeast Asia showcasing the geographical layout of countries and major islands in the region. The map features a light purple ocean background with landmasses in a vivid green. Key countries are marked with labels in capital letters, such as VIETNAM, KAMPUCHEA (Cambodia), MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES, and INDONESIA. The map highlights main cities with black stars and red text such as Kuala Lumpur and Singapore. Important islands and regions like Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and the Nicobar Islands are prominently labeled. Several seas and straits, like the Andaman Sea and Makasar Strait, are indicated with their respective names in white text.
monsoonal regions

Text description of the monsoonal regions image.
The image is a map highlighting global monsoon areas. The map uses a light blue grid background with green landmasses, indicating continents and regions. Monsoon-affected areas are shaded in light gray and cover parts of Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. A dashed yellow horizontal line crosses the map, representing the equator. The text "Monsoon Areas" is centered on the middle of the African monsoon region.
water vapor image from 00Z on August 27, 2010

Text description of the water vapor image from 00Z on August 27, 2010 image.
The image is a black and white satellite view showing cloud formations over a large coastal area. The main features are swirling cloud patterns over water, indicative of a dynamic weather system. The coastline is visible, delineated with a thin white line, showing the boundary between the land and the sea. Several cloud masses exhibit a centralized, spiral-like appearance surrounded by lighter, dispersed clouds. Small, white crosses are scattered uniformly across the image, likely indicating reference points or data markers. The overall texture of the clouds varies from dense and bright white to more dispersed and diffuse gray shades, indicating different cloud densities and altitudes.
Tropical Cyclone Ingredients: Part II
Hurricane Wilma's "pinhole eye"

Text description of the Hurricane Wilma's "pinhole eye" image.
The image is a satellite view of a hurricane, showing a well-defined spiral structure indicative of a powerful storm system. The swirling cloud bands surround a small, distinct eye at the center, which is labeled as “Wilma's 'pinhole eye'” with a yellow arrow pointing to it. The cloud patterns exhibit varying shades of gray, depicting the density and thickness of the clouds. The outer bands of the hurricane are shown extending outward, covering a large area.
dry entrainment

Text description of the dry entrainment image.
The image illustrates cloud dynamics, focusing on the process of entrainment. It features three sections of a cumulonimbus cloud against a gradient blue sky. On the left, red arrows indicate warm bubbles of rising air, with blue arrows showing dry air being drawn in from the sides. A yellow box explains the process. In the center, the cloud is shown with internal arrows depicting a downdraft, described in a second yellow box. On the right, another cloud segment shows continued downdraft acceleration with blue arrows and annotations highlighting the drag of dry air. The ocean or horizon is visible at the bottom.
dry mid-level air over the Middle East

Text description of the dry mid-level air over the Middle East image.
The image is a satellite view of a weather system over the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding regions. The Earth is displayed in a monochromatic palette showing cloud formations, land, and water. The Arabian Peninsula is outlined for clarity, indicating geographic boundaries. A swirling cloud system, indicative of a cyclone, is visible east of the peninsula over the Arabian Sea. Darker areas signify dry air, labeled "Dry Air" in yellow above Saudi Arabia. Scattered cloud formations can be observed over the Indian subcontinent and adjacent regions.
Cooking Up A Storm
shape of a stadium

Text description of the shape of a stadium image.
The image depicts a large, empty football stadium from a high vantage point, showing a clear view of the field and surrounding stands. The field is marked with white yard lines and numbers at every 10-yard interval, ranging from 10 to 50. "PENN STATE" is prominently displayed in large white letters in both end zones. The seating is arranged in tiers surrounding the field, with rows of gray bleachers. A small number of people are visible on the near side of the field, appearing small amidst the expansive space. In the background, outside the stadium, there is a view of a distant tree-lined landscape.
eye of Super Typhoon Lan (2017) (0:04)
Text description of the eye of Super Typhoon Lan (2017) video (0:04)
The image is a satellite view of Super Typhoon Lan, showcasing the swirling clouds in a circular formation. At the center is the eye of the hurricane, which is dark and appears calm compared to the surrounding dense, rotating white clouds. The clouds form well-defined circular bands, creating a sense of depth and dynamic motion. The overall color scheme is dominated by shades of white and gray, with hints of blue visible in the eye, providing contrast to the otherwise uniform cloud structure.
loop of visible satellite images of Hurricane Maria's eye (0:15)
Text description of the loop of visible satellite images of Hurricane Maria's eye (0:15)
The image is a satellite view depicting Hurricane Maria, primarily in grayscale. At the center, there is a dark circular area, representing the eye of the storm, surrounded by dense cloud formations. These clouds spiral outward in a counterclockwise direction, with textures and patterns indicating varying cloud densities. The image displays a swirling motion, typical of such systems, highlighting the storm's intensity and structure. In the lower left corner, a thin red line appears, which might be part of an overlay or marker on the satellite image.
Tropical Cyclone Steering
track map for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season

Text description of the track map for the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season image.
The image is a detailed map labeled "U.S. Department of Commerce, National Weather Service North Atlantic Hurricane Tracking Chart" for the year 2011. It displays the paths of various tropical cyclones across the North Atlantic. The map is marked with longitudes and latitudes, illustrating the Atlantic Ocean, the eastern United States, the Caribbean, and parts of Central America and South America. Different colored lines indicate the paths, with colors representing the cyclone's strength: red for major hurricanes, orange for hurricanes, yellow for tropical storms, green for tropical depressions, pink for subtropical storms, and cyan for subtropical depressions. Symbols like filled circles indicate positions at specific times. The chart includes a legend for interpreting symbols, such as wave disturbances and minimum pressure markers. Notably, paths of storms named Arlene, Bret, Cindy, and several others are marked with numbers corresponding to a legend listing the cyclone's name, wind speed, type, and active dates. The background features a light grid pattern for navigation and measurement.
former Cape Verde Islands

Text description of the former Cape Verde Islands image.
The image is a detailed map of Africa highlighting Western Sahara. The continent is depicted in light blue, with countries outlined in white, while non-African regions are shown in grey. Western Sahara is emphasized with a darker blue shade. A circular zoomed-in section focuses on Western Sahara's location, featuring several blue shapes representing territories within that region. Below the main map, an inset globe offers a world view with Africa highlighted to emphasize Western Sahara's global position.
plot of Irene's track

Text description of the plot of Irene's track image.
The image displays a map tracking the path of a tropical cyclone over the western Atlantic Ocean. The map includes longitude and latitude lines, with marked degrees, covering areas from the southeastern United States, the Caribbean, and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. The cyclone path is indicated by a multicolored line, starting in the southeast Caribbean and curving northeastward along the U.S. East Coast. Different segments of the line are colored white, yellow, and orange, representing various cyclone categories from tropical depression to Category 3. Dates are marked along the path. The background is a blend of greens for landmasses and various blues for oceanic regions, with lighter shades indicating shallower areas.
graph of the average track forecast errors

Text description of the graph of the average track forecast errors image.
The image is a line graph illustrating the NHC official annual average track errors for Atlantic Basin tropical storms and hurricanes, spanning from 1970 to 2020. The x-axis represents the years, marked in increments of five years from 1970 to 2020. The y-axis represents forecast errors, measured in nautical miles, ranging from 0 to 700. Five colored lines represent different forecast periods: red for 24 hours, green for 48 hours, yellow for 72 hours, brown for 96 hours, and blue for 120 hours. Each line demonstrates a general decline in forecast error over time, though variations and spikes are evident. The longest forecast period, 120 hours (blue), exhibits more variability and higher errors compared to the shorter forecast periods.
width of the forecast cone for Hurricane Katrina in 2005 to how wide the cone would have been had Katrina occurred in 2015

Text description of the width of the forecast cone for Hurricane Katrina in 2005 image.
The image depicts a satellite view of a section of the southeastern United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and parts of the Caribbean Sea. It illustrates a comparison of hurricane forecast uncertainty between the years 2005 and 2015. A large, transparent cone over the Gulf of Mexico narrows from 2005 to 2015, indicating an increase in forecast precision. Six red hurricane symbols trace a path within the cone. In the top left corner, there is a gray textbox with information about improvements in forecasting accuracy. The NOAA logo is visible in the bottom left corner.
Tropical Cyclone Hazards
list of costliest U.S. weather disasters from 1980 through 2017

Text description of the the list of costliest weather disasters in the U.S from 1980 through 2017 image.
The image is a table detailing information about several notable hurricanes. It consists of five columns: Event, Begin Date, End Date, Summary, CPI-Adjusted Estimated Cost (In Billions), and Deaths. Four hurricanes are listed: Katrina, Harvey, Maria, and Sandy. Each row provides specific details about the hurricane, including the category, affected areas, and consequences.
| Event | Begin Date | End Date | Summary | CPI-Adjusted Estimated Cost (in Billions) | Deaths |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hurricane Katrina August 2005 | 2005-08-25 | 2005-08-30 | Category 3 hurricane initially impacts the U.S. as a Category 1 near Miami, FL, then as a strong Category 3 along the eastern LA-western MS coastlines, resulting in severe storm surge damage (maximum surge probably exceeded 30 feet) along the LA-MS-AL coasts, wind damage, and the failure of parts of the levee system in New Orleans. Inland effects included high winds and some flooding in the states of AL, MS, FL, TN, KY, IN, OH, and GA. | $163.8 | 1,833 |
| Hurricane Harvey August 2017 | 2017-08-25 | 2017-08-31 | Category 4 hurricane made landfall near Rockport, Texas causing widespread damage. Harvey's devastation was most pronounced due to the large region of extreme rainfall producing historic flooding across Houston and surrounding areas. More than 30 inches of rainfall fell on 6.9 million people, while 1.25 million experienced over 45 inches and 11,000 had over 50 inches, based on 7-day rainfall totals ending August 31. This historic U.S. rainfall caused massive flooding that displaced over 30,000 people and damaged or destroyed over 200,000 homes and businesses. | $126.3 | 89 |
| Hurricane Maria September 2017 | 2017-09-19 | 2017-09-21 | Category 4 hurricane made landfall in southeast Puerto Rico after striking the U.S. Virgin Island of St. Croix. Maria's high winds caused widespread devastation to Puerto Rico's transportation, agriculture, communication and energy infrastructure. Extreme rainfall of up to 37 inches produced widespread flooding and mudslides across the island. The interruption to commerce and standard living conditions will be sustained for a long period, as much of Puerto Rico's infrastructure is rebuilt. Maria tied Hurricane Wilma (2005) for the most rapid intensification strengthening from tropical depression to Category 5 storm in 54 hours. Maria's landfall at Category 4 strength gives the U.S. a record three Category 4+ landfalls this year (Maria, Harvey, and Irma). A reanalysis on the number of deaths due to Maria is being conducted and will be updated in the coming months. | $90.9 | 65 |
| Hurricane Sandy October 2012 | 2012-10-30 | 2012-10-31 | Extensive damage across several northeastern states (MD, DE, NJ, NY, CT,MA,RI) due to high wind and coastal strm surg, particularly NY and NJ. Damage from wind, rain and heavy snow. | $71.5 | 159 |
Full-sized image

Text description of the Full-sized image image.
The image is an aerial view of two damaged houses after a severe storm. The house on the left has a dark roof with large, white painted letters stating "ANDREW WAS HERE." Debris is strewn around the area, and there's significant damage to the roofs, with missing shingles and parts of the structure exposed. The surrounding yard is littered with broken pieces of wood and other materials. There is a white vehicle parked on a narrow path between the two houses, and part of the yard appears to be torn or disturbed.
damage from violent horizontal and vertical air motions in the eye wall

Text description of the damage from violent horizontal and vertical air motions in the eye wall image.
The image shows a post-hurricane landscape with widespread destruction. The foreground features a collection of heavily damaged buildings, some of which have collapsed roofs and debris scattered around. Scattered trees, mostly bare of foliage, indicate significant wind damage. In the middle ground, a body of water bisects the image, reflecting the sky above. The far side of the water shows more damaged buildings and debris. The background reveals a further expanse of water, with a mostly cloudy sky dominating the upper part of the image, suggesting an overcast day.
analysis of the storm's wind field from 09Z on August 24, 1992

Text description of the analysis of the storm's wind field from 09Z on August 24, 1992 image.
The image is a meteorological map depicting Hurricane Andrew at 0900 UTC on August 24, 1992. It shows a spiraling pattern of concentric circles that represent wind speeds around the hurricane's center. The central region is dark purple, indicating the highest wind speeds. Surrounding this are bands of different colors—pink, red, yellow, and green—each representing decreasing wind speeds as the distance from the center increases. The background is deep blue, symbolizing water. White arrows indicate wind direction, radiating outward in a circular pattern. The coastline of Florida is visible on the left side of the map, indicating the hurricane's proximity to land. Other geographical areas and latitudinal/longitudinal lines are also visible, helping place the hurricane geographically.
radar image of Andrew as it made landfall
Text description of the radar image of Andrew as it made landfall image.
The image is a radar representation of Hurricane Andrew captured on August 24, 1992, at 08:35 UTC. The radar image is a colorful, swirling depiction showcasing the hurricane's intensity and structure. The center of the image features a circular eye of the storm, surrounded by bands of red, orange, yellow, green, and blue, indicating varying levels of precipitation intensity. The color scale on the right ranges from brown (>48 dBZ) to violet (<15 dBZ), denoting rain intensity. The map includes labels for various locations in Florida, such as Miami Beach, Virginia Key, and Key Largo. The text on the right side provides details about the radar, NOAA, and the Hurricane Research Division.
radar image of spiral bands in Hurricane Ivan (2004)

Text description of the radar image of spiral bands in Hurricane Ivan (2004) image.
The image is a meteorological composite radar map depicting Hurricane Ivan. The central part of the image shows the hurricane's eye, surrounded by circular bands of varying colors representing different precipitation intensities. The colors range from blue, green, yellow, orange, to red, indicating increasing intensity, with red representing the heaviest precipitation. A white label "Spiral Bands" points to sections of the hurricane's spiraling structure. The outer bands are shown in various shades of blue, indicating less intense precipitation. The bottom of the image includes a color scale key and details about the data collection.
storm reports for September 15, 2004 from the Storm Prediction Center

Text description of the storm reports for September 15, 2004 from the Storm Prediction Center image.
The image is a weather map showing storm reports across the southeastern United States for September 15, 2004. The map spans a section of the U.S., including states like Texas, Florida, and Virginia. The reports are marked with colored dots: red for tornadoes, blue for wind, and green for hail. There are a concentration of red dots in the southeastern part, indicating several tornado reports in that area. The map includes borders and state names for reference. A legend in the bottom left explains the meaning of the colored dots. The abbreviation "SPC" stands for the Storm Prediction Center, as noted by the logo in the corner.
59 tornado reports

Text description of the 59 tornado reports image.
The image is a map of the United States displaying storm reports for September 17, 2004. It is titled "SPC Storm Reports for 09/17/04" at the top. The map highlights various storm events using different colored markers: red for tornado reports, blue for wind reports, and green for hail reports. The distribution of these events is mainly concentrated in the eastern part of the United States, particularly within states like Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. A legend at the bottom left with color-coded labels provides an explanation, listing the number of each type of report. The logo of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and an indication that the map was updated at 12:04 Z on September 24, 2004, are also present. The map uses thin black lines to delineate state boundaries.
moved northeastward over the Mid-Atlantic States (0:12)
Text description of the moved northeastward over the Mid-Atlantic States video (0:12)
The image is a weather radar map showing precipitation patterns over the Mid-Atlantic States. A large swirling mass of storm activity dominates the map, centered around the southern region, extending from the Gulf of Mexico into the southeastern states. The colors on the radar indicate different levels of precipitation intensity: green areas signify lighter precipitation, while yellow areas indicate moderate rainfall, and small patches of blue suggest lighter drizzle or rain showers. The storm pattern has a distinctive spiral shape, suggesting a possible cyclone or storm system. The map includes parts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Tennessee, and other neighboring states.
all occurred in the storm's right-front quadrant

Text description of the all occurred in the storm's right-front quadrant image.
The image is a map of the southeastern United States, showing parts of the Gulf of Mexico. The land is colored in green, while the water areas are blue. A weather pattern is indicated by a large, curved, dashed white line moving northward from the Gulf of Mexico through Louisiana, Alabama, and into Georgia. Below the curve, near the Gulf Coast, there is a bold black and white symbol resembling a swirl, indicating a storm or tornado activity. Scattered across parts of Alabama and Georgia are several small red triangular icons, indicating reported tornado sightings. In the top-right corner, there is a white box with red text.
photograph of damage in Gulfport, Mississippi

Text description of the photograph of damage in Gulfport, Mississippi image.
The aerial image shows a large, urban area severely affected by destruction. Many buildings are partially or completely collapsed, with debris scattered extensively across the landscape. The roads crisscross through the region, bordered by piles of rubble and remnants of structures. Trees are mostly bare or damaged, and there are very few signs of life or activity. In the upper part of the image, some buildings with intact blue roofs stand out amidst the devastation, indicating areas that are less affected. Overall, the scene portrays the aftermath of a significant catastrophic event, leaving the surroundings nearly unrecognizable.
received over 35 inches of rain

Text description of the received over 35 inches of rain image.
The image is a colored map of Harris County, Texas, depicting the total rainfall over a five-day period from June 5 to June 9, 2001. The map is divided into various zones marked by different colors, representing different ranges of rainfall in inches. The color gradient includes light blue (<5 inches), blue (5-10 inches), light green (10-15 inches), green (15-20 inches), yellow (20-25 inches), orange (25-30 inches), red (30-35 inches), and magenta (>35 inches). A star labeled "Houston" marks the location of the city on the map, situated centrally with zones indicating higher rainfall concentrations in its vicinity. An inset on the right shows Texas with Harris County highlighted.
impacts were devastating

Text description of the impacts were devastating image.
The image shows an aerial view of an urban area heavily affected by flooding. Several buildings, streets, and open spaces are submerged in muddy brown water. In the center, there is a large, partially submerged structure with multiple stories. To its left, bridges span across the floodwaters, linking different parts of the city. Surrounding this central area are various industrial and residential buildings, also surrounded by water. Vegetation and trees are sporadically visible, rising above the waterline. In the background, an overpass and a series of white, industrial-looking rooftops can be seen, indicating a more elevated area. The sky is not visible as the image focuses directly downward on the flood-impacted area.
Tropical Cyclone Destructive Potential
slammed into the central Gulf Coast near the mouth of the Mississippi River

Text description of the slammed into the central Gulf Coast near the mouth of the Mississippi River image.
The image is a map showing the path of Hurricane Camille from August 14 to August 22, 1969. The map covers parts of the southeastern United States, the Gulf of Mexico, and the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The hurricane's trajectory is marked by a series of lines and symbols indicating different stages: a solid line with dots for tropical depression, a dashed line for tropical storm, and a solid line with an arrow for hurricane stages. Specific points in time are noted with circles for positions at 7:00 AM EST and asterisks for 7:00 PM EST. Major cities like New Orleans, Jackson, Pensacola, Richmond, and Washington are labeled. The map is divided by latitude and longitude lines, with specific degrees marked. Bodies of water and landmasses, such as Key West and Miami, are also visible.
before and after photographs of the Richelieu Apartments

Text description of the before and after photographs of the Richelieu Apartments image.
The image consists of two aerial black-and-white photographs placed side by side, labeled "Before" and "After." The left photograph ("Before") shows a well-structured complex with multiple buildings forming a rectangular boundary around an open courtyard with visible trees and shrubs. Roads and trees surround the complex in a neatly arranged pattern. The right photograph ("After") shows the same area but after a significant event, such as a natural disaster. The buildings are gone, leaving behind an empty plot with scattered trees and debris, indicating extensive damage and destruction.
landfalling Hurricane Katrina at 12Z on August 29, 2005

Text description of the landfalling Hurricane Katrina at 12Z on August 29, 2005 image.
The image is a weather map depicting Hurricane Katrina's position and wind speeds as of 1200 UTC on August 29, 2005. It presents a top-down view with colored concentric circles indicating wind speed ranges, measured in knots (kt). The colors transition from purple at the center to blue at the outer edges, showing decreasing wind speeds outward from the hurricane’s eye. Geographic coordinates are marked along the axes. Overlaid vectors indicate wind direction. Text at the top details the data source, timing, and analysis methods. Land masses are outlined in black.
Transcribed Text:
Hurricane Katrina 1200 UTC 29 AUG 2005
Max 1-min sustained surface winds (kt)
Valid for marine exposure over water, open terrain exposure over land
Analysis based on GPSDROP_WVLS10 from 0905-1357 z; FCMP_TOWER from 0942-1359 z; VAD_WBD from 0659-1334 z;
QSCAT from 1010-1102 z;
SHIP from 1010-1212 z; ASOS from 0635-1359 z;
SFMR43 from 0635-1359 z; MOORED_BUOY from 0935-1400 z;
METAR from 0930-1059 z; CMAN from 0805-1402 z;
GOES_WIND from 1030-1002 z; TAIL_DOPPLER43 from 1020-1346 z;
MAIDS from 0635-1359 z; DUAL_DOPPLER from 1010-1302 z;
MESONET from 0937-1400 z;
1200 z position interpolated from 1132 Army Corps; mslp = 923.0 mb
Observed Max. Surface Wind: 102 kts, 35 nm SE of center based on 1020 z TAIL_DOPPLER43 sfc measurement
Analyzed Max. Wind: 102 kts, 36 nm NE of center
© NOAA/AOML Hurricane Research Division
surface wind analysis at 0730Z on September 13, 2008

Text description of the surface wind analysis at 0730Z on September 13, 2008 image.
The image is a meteorological map showing the wind pattern and intensity of Hurricane Ike as of 0730 UTC on September 13, 2008. The central focus of the map features concentric color-coded wind fields around the hurricane's eye. The colors range from dark red at the center, indicating the strongest winds, to shades of orange, yellow, green, and blue as distances increase from the center, representing decreasing wind speeds. Curved white arrows illustrate the wind direction radiating outward from the hurricane, and numerical labels on the map edges provide geographical coordinates. The surrounding text and annotations provide specific data on wind speeds and conditions.
Transcribed Text:
Hurricane Ike 0730 UTC 13 SEP 2008
Max 1-min sustained surface winds (kt)
Valid for marine exposure over water, open terrain exposure over land
Analysis based on GOES_SWIR from 0702 - 1002 z; CMAN from 0439 - 0959 z; MOORED_BUOY from 0430 - 0949 z;
ASOS from 0432 - 1030 z; GPSONDE_SFC from 0431 - 0850 z;
SHIP from 0600 - 0900 z; METAR from 0430 - 1030 z;
FCMP_TOWER from 0434 - 1025 z; GPSSONDE_WL150 from 0431 - 0850 z;
WEATHER_FLOW from 0403 - 1030 z; BACKGROUND_FIELD from 0730 - 0730 z;
SFMR_AFRC from 0900 - 0956 z;
0730 z position interpolated from 0631 Vortex; mslp = 953.0 mb
WIND RADII (NM)
QD 34K 50K 64K
NE 183 137 40
SE 185 140 34
SW 184 130 34
NW 191 95 30
Ike - created on 2008-09-13 11:08:25 UTC
Integrated Kinetic Energy: for Winds > TS force: 70 TJ, for Winds > Hurricane Force: 26 TJ
Destructive Potential Rating(0-6) Wind: 3.0, Surge/Waves: 4.2
Observed Max. Surface Wind: 89 kts, 37 nm NE of center based on 0438 z SFMR_AFRC
Analyzed Max. Wind: 88 kts, 39 nm NE of center
Uncertainty -> mean wind speed error: 1.24 kt, mean direction error: -0.24 deg
rms wind speed error: 6.56 kt, rms direction error: 9.96 deg
Experimental research product of NOAA / AOML / Hurricane Research Division
Bolivar Peninsula near Galveston, Texas

Text description of the Bolivar Peninsula near Galveston, Texas image.
The image is a satellite map view focusing on the Galveston Bay area and the Bolivar Peninsula in Texas. The land masses are surrounded by dark blue water, representing the Gulf of Mexico and the bay areas. The map shows various labeled features including Galveston, Texas City, and the Bolivar Peninsula, with roads marked, such as Highway 87. A notable label indicates the Scholes International Airport near Galveston. There is an inset map control symbol on the left side for zoom and navigation. Some text labels are overlaid directly on land and water features.
before and after photographs

Text description of the before and after photographs image.
The image consists of two aerial photographs of a coastal area before and after a hurricane. The top photograph, dated September 9, 2008, shows a neatly arranged residential neighborhood on lush green land with numerous houses, each with distinct roofs and layouts. White sand beaches border the community, and a vast body of water stretches out at the horizon. Yellow arrows point to two specific houses.
The bottom photograph, dated September 15, 2008, depicts the same area after a hurricane's impact. The once orderly neighborhood is severely damaged, with debris scattered around. Several houses are missing or heavily damaged, and the land appears more barren. The same two houses are highlighted with yellow arrows, showing that they primarily remain standing amid the devastation.