METEO 3 Lesson 11 Images
Lesson 11: Patterns of Wind, Water, and Weather in the Tropics
Meet the Tropics
daily global surface temperatures for January 7, 2018

Text description of the daily global surface temperatures for January 7, 2018 image.
The image is a global map displaying surface air temperature data as a composite mean, using a color gradient to represent temperatures in Kelvin for the period January 7, 2018 to January 7, 2018. The map is divided into grid squares, with latitude and longitude lines marked for reference.
Temperatures vary by region: the Northern Hemisphere shows cooler values in shades of purple and blue, while equatorial regions appear warmer in green and yellow hues. The Southern Hemisphere features a mix of greens and blues, with a central red region highlighting the highest temperatures, particularly around Australia. A color bar beneath the map indicates the temperature scale, ranging from 240 K (purple) to 310 K (red).
Text labels include “NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis” at the top and “NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division” in the upper‑right corner.
chart of average sea-level pressures at 00Z on February 12, 1998

Text description of the chart of average sea-level pressures at 00Z on February 12, 1998 image.
The image is a world map displaying colored contours that represent sea level pressure (Pa) variations as a composite mean. The map includes latitude and longitude lines plotted at 30‑degree intervals. The colored bands indicate different pressure levels, ranging from dark purple (98000 Pa), representing the lowest pressures, to dark red (104000+ Pa) for the highest pressures.
In the Northern Hemisphere, multiple pressure zones are visible, with notably low‑pressure areas over the North Pacific and North Atlantic. The Southern Hemisphere shows broader, more continuous bands of low pressure, especially surrounding the Antarctic region. Continents are outlined in black against the varying color gradients.
At the top of the map, the title “NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis” is displayed, and in the upper‑right corner the label “NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division” appears.
ocean buoy moored at 8 degrees South, 95 degrees West

Text description of the ocean buoy moored at 8 degrees South, 95 degrees West image.
The image is a map illustrating a section of the Pacific Ocean and parts of the adjacent coastlines of Central and South America. The map is predominantly blue, representing ocean waters, with the continents and islands highlighted in green. Notable geographical markers include the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, Colombia, and Peru, along with other surrounding areas like Mexico and the Caribbean Sea to the north. There is a dashed yellow line running horizontally across the map marking the equator. A red square is placed in the ocean, indicating a specific location in the water. A line extends from this square to an inset photograph on the left, showing a buoy floating on the ocean with a metal frame and an orange floatation ring. No text is visible on the buoy itself.
The General Circulation
voyage to the New World

Text description of the voyage to the New World image.
The image is a vintage-style map depicting a section of the Atlantic Ocean. The map is oriented with north at the top, featuring navigational elements, including a compass rose in the northwest corner. A red line illustrates a historical sailing route from Europe to the Americas, starting in España (Spain), passing through the Canary Islands, and ending in the Bahamas and Hispaniola, before eventually heading back to Spain and passing Azores on the way. The map is annotated with black arrows indicating trade winds in the Atlantic, winds the ship followed along their journey. The background is shaded in gradients of beige, giving it an aged appearance. In the top right corner, there is an illustration of a sailing ship. Landmasses, including parts of Spain, Africa, and the Caribbean, are depicted with simple, stylized outlines, with the ocean labeled "Atlantic" in decorative script.
The Ascending Branch of the Hadley Cell
net radiation distribution over the earth

Text description of the net radiation distribution over the earth image.
The image is a world map projection showing net radiation data from December 2001. It is overlaid with shades of green and blue, representing varying levels of net radiation, with blues indicating negative values, white indicating zero, and greener areas indicating higher values. The landmasses are outlined in dark black lines against a background of color gradients. Mostly blue areas are in the Northern Hemisphere, gradually turning white toward the equator, then green in the Southern Hemisphere. Below the map is a black band with text and a color scale. The scale ranges from dark blue at the left (-280 W/m²) to green on the right (280 W/m²).
necklace around the globe

Text description of the necklace around the globe image.
The image is a global infrared satellite composite map of Earth, showcasing cloud coverage as of August 22, 2003. It features the planet with prominent cloud formations over various regions. The landmasses are outlined in vibrant magenta, contrasting against the grey tones of the clouds and the dark ocean. Yellow arrows point to a band labeled "ITCZ" across the equatorial regions of the Atlantic, Africa, and the Indian Ocean. The title and credits are displayed at the top and bottom in white text on a black background.
cross section schematic

Text description of the cross section schematic image.
The image is a colorful diagram illustrating atmospheric circulation, specifically the Hadley Cells, over a range of latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The background features a blue gradient representing the sky, transitioning from light blue at lower altitudes to darker blue at higher altitudes, with clouds depicted as wavy, multicolored patches. Two large arrows arc outward from the center, indicating the flow within the Hadley Cells. The altitude is marked on the left side, ranging from 0 to 20 kilometers. The bottom axis indicates latitude, ranging from 17.7 to 0.8 degrees North. A bold pink line traces the atmospheric current, with labels "Hadley Cell" written in pink within each section of the cells. The diagram highlights the ITCZ (Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone) in the center at latitude 12.1. A scale bar labeled in kilometers is at the bottom right.
figure showing the January and July positions of the ITCZ

Text description of the figure showing the January and July positions of the ITCZ image.
The image features two comparative world maps illustrating sea level pressure in millibars for January and July, based on climatology data from 1968–1996. The January map is positioned on top and the July map on the bottom. Both maps use a color gradient to represent pressure zones, ranging from red for lower pressures to purple for higher pressures. A bold gray line with a black border marks the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) on both maps.
A red circle highlights a specific region near the equator in South America. The maps span from 30°N to 30°S in latitude and from 0° to 180° in longitude. Below the maps, a color bar provides the pressure scale, ranging from 992 to 1040 millibars, displayed in corresponding colors from red to purple.
In the January map, the ITCZ is located primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, while in the July map, it migrates northward. Neither ITCZ line is perfectly straight. Along the ITCZ, pressures are lower, indicated by bands of green, yellow, and orange shading beneath the line.
annual mean precipitation

Text description of the annual mean precipitation image.
The image is a contour map illustrating annual precipitation levels in a section of South America, with the focus on areas around the equator. The map uses a series of bold, contoured blue hues to represent varying precipitation amounts, increasing in intensity from light blue, indicating lower levels, to dark blue, indicating higher levels of precipitation. The map is framed with latitude and longitude markings, ranging from 80W to 20E longitude and 25S to 15N latitude. A color scale on the right side ranges from white to dark blue, labeled at intervals from 500 mm to 3500 mm, indicating annual precipitation in millimeters. Thin black lines outline the geographical boundaries.
Brazilian city of Fortaleza

Text description of the Brazilian city of Fortaleza image.
The image depicts a map highlighting the northern part of South America, with a focus on Brazil and the surrounding countries. The map features green land masses and a light blue ocean labeled "Atlantic Ocean" on the right side. Major cities are marked with black stars, and country names are in uppercase black letters. A red dot with the label "Fortaleza" marks a specific location in northeastern Brazil along the coast, the main focus of the map. Longitude and latitude lines are visible, with markings every 5 degrees. An inset map at the bottom left shows a broader view of South America, with Brazil highlighted, and a red rectangle indicating the zoomed-in section.
Subtropical Highs
spatial relationship between the surface Bermuda high and its reflections higher in the troposphere

Text description of the spatial relationship between the surface Bermuda high and its reflections higher in the troposphere image.
The image consists of three layered atmospheric pressure maps representing different altitudes, each using contour lines and color gradients to show pressure variations over an area resembling part of North America, specifically over Bermuda.
The top section, labeled “~23,000 ft,” features a color gradient ranging from light orange to dark red, highlighting a high‑pressure zone marked with a dark red “H.” The middle section, labeled “~18,000 ft,” shows a similar high‑pressure region also marked with an “H,” using a gradient from yellow to red. The bottom section, labeled “Surface,” displays a different pressure pattern, with colors ranging from purple to green, and includes another “H” marking a surface high‑pressure zone.
All three maps include contour lines to illustrate pressure differences, and there is no contour color‑bar key provided.
cross section of the Hadley Cells in both hemispheres

Text description of the cross section of the Hadley Cells in both hemispheres image.
The image depicts a diagram illustrating atmospheric circulation in the tropics and subtropics. At the center is the "Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone" also knowns as the ITCZ, near the Equator, characterized by a towering cumulus cloud labeled "Hot Tower." This cloud extends from above the surface to the top of the diagram, with upward pointing arrows indicating rising air. On either side of the 'Hot Tower,' smaller "Trade Cumulus" clouds are shown with arrows indicating upward air movement from the surface. Above the clouds is the "Tropopause," marked by a dashed line. Orange arrows depict air flow, showing air rising at the equator and diverging at the tropopause, moving toward the poles, then descending in the "Subtropical High Pressure Zone" in the subtropics. The base of the diagram is blue, indicating the ocean, and labeled with "Subtropics" on either side, and "Equator" in the center. "Trade Winds" arrows show horizontal surface winds moving toward the equator.
much more swirling route

Text description of the much more swirling route image.
The image depicts a map with a polar projection, focusing on the Northern Hemisphere. The continents are shown in green against a blue background representing the oceans. A circular path, illustrated with yellow arrows start in Western Africa and move northeast in a spiraling motion circling the north pole. The arrows suggest a specific route around the Earth, crossing various continents and oceans. Black outlines border the yellow arrows, and meridians and parallels are slightly visible in the background, emphasizing the map's radial layout from the North Pole.
The Subtropical Jet Stream
high-altitude, poleward flow in the Hadley Cell

Text description of the high-altitude, poleward flow in the Hadley Cell image.
The image depicts a diagram illustrating atmospheric circulation in the tropics and subtropics. At the center is the "Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone" also knowns as the ITCZ, near the Equator, characterized by a towering cumulus cloud labeled "Hot Tower." This cloud extends from above the surface to the top of the diagram, with upward pointing arrows indicating rising air. On either side of the 'Hot Tower,' smaller "Trade Cumulus" clouds are shown with arrows indicating upward air movement from the surface. Above the clouds is the "Tropopause," marked by a dashed line. Orange arrows depict air flow, showing air rising at the equator and diverging at the tropopause, moving toward the poles, then descending in the "Subtropical High Pressure Zone" in the subtropics. The base of the diagram is blue, indicating the ocean, and labeled with "Subtropics" on either side, and "Equator" in the center. "Trade Winds" arrows show horizontal surface winds moving toward the equator.
much more swirling route

Text description of the much more swirling route image.
The image depicts a map with a polar projection, focusing on the Northern Hemisphere. The continents are shown in green against a blue background representing the oceans. A circular path, illustrated with yellow arrows start in Western Africa and move northeast in a spiraling motion circling the north pole. The arrows suggest a specific route around the Earth, crossing various continents and oceans. Black outlines border the yellow arrows, and meridians and parallels are slightly visible in the background, emphasizing the map's radial layout from the North Pole.
interrupt and divert the generally westerly flow of air in the upper troposphere

Text description of the interrupt and divert the generally westerly flow of air in the upper troposphere image.
The image is a topographic map highlighting the region around the Tibetan Plateau, distinguished by its extensive white area representing snow or ice. The map is color-coded to display varying elevations, with green indicating lower elevations, brown representing higher elevations, and blue denoting bodies of water. Prominent features include the surrounding lower elevation regions in green and mountainous regions in brown. Black arrows traverse the map from west to east, indicating directional movement across the plateau and around the higher elevations.
long-term average temperatures over the tropics and subtropics for June, July and August

Text description of the long-term average temperatures over the tropics and subtropics for June, July and August image.
The image is a world map displaying surface temperature variations in degrees Celsius from June 1 to August 31. The map features a color gradient indicating different temperature ranges from cooler blues and purples to warmer yellows, oranges, and reds. Higher temperatures are concentrated in the Northern Hemisphere, especially across parts of North America, North Africa, and the Middle East evident by the red and orange hues. In contrast, cooler temperatures are represented in the Southern Hemisphere and polar regions with blue and purple tones. The map is marked with latitude and longitude lines for reference. Below the map, a color bar illustrates the temperature scale, ranging from 0°C (purple) to 45°C (red).
visible satellite image from 19Z on February 19

Text description of the visible satellite image from 19Z on February 19 image.
President’s Day Blizzard on February 19, 1979. The imagery uses grayscale shading to depict atmospheric conditions, with state boundaries and labels outlined in green, including Maryland (MD), Virginia (VA), North Carolina (NC), South Carolina (SC), and Georgia (GA). White shading indicates snow cover over land areas, while water bodies do not show this shading. An annotation notes “Heavy Snow Cover from Georgia to Pennsylvania.”
A large swirling cloud pattern is visible across the region, clearly marking the presence of the storm system. The NOAA logo appears in the upper left corner of the image.
Hadley Cells

Text description of the Hadley Cells image.
The image depicts a diagram illustrating atmospheric circulation in the tropics and subtropics. At the center is the "Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone" also knowns as the ITCZ, near the Equator, characterized by a towering cumulus cloud labeled "Hot Tower." This cloud extends from above the surface to the top of the diagram, with upward pointing arrows indicating rising air. On either side of the 'Hot Tower,' smaller "Trade Cumulus" clouds are shown with arrows indicating upward air movement from the surface. Above the clouds is the "Tropopause," marked by a dashed line. Orange arrows depict air flow, showing air rising at the equator and diverging at the tropopause, moving toward the poles, then descending in the "Subtropical High Pressure Zone" in the subtropics. The base of the diagram is blue, indicating the ocean, and labeled with "Subtropics" on either side, and "Equator" in the center. "Trade Winds" arrows show horizontal surface winds moving toward the equator.
Tricks of the Trades
Hadley Cell schematic

Text description of the Hadley Cell schematic image.
The image depicts a diagram illustrating atmospheric circulation in the tropics and subtropics. At the center is the "Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone" also knowns as the ITCZ, near the Equator, characterized by a towering cumulus cloud labeled "Hot Tower." This cloud extends from above the surface to the top of the diagram, with upward pointing arrows indicating rising air. On either side of the 'Hot Tower,' smaller "Trade Cumulus" clouds are shown with arrows indicating upward air movement from the surface. Above the clouds is the "Tropopause," marked by a dashed line. Orange arrows depict air flow, showing air rising at the equator and diverging at the tropopause, moving toward the poles, then descending in the "Subtropical High Pressure Zone" in the subtropics. The base of the diagram is blue, indicating the ocean, and labeled with "Subtropics" on either side, and "Equator" in the center. "Trade Winds" arrows show horizontal surface winds moving toward the equator.
fields of "trade-wind cumulus clouds"

Text description of the fields of "trade-wind cumulus clouds" image.
The image depicts a vast ocean under a bright, partly cloudy sky. The surface of the water is shimmering, reflecting the sunlight, creating a glittering effect across the sea. The horizon is visible in the distance, where the ocean meets the sky. Sparse, fluffy clouds are scattered throughout the sky, allowing patches of light to illuminate the water below. The overall color palette includes vibrant blues and whites, contributing to a serene and expansive atmosphere.
Monsoons: Giant Sea / Land Breezes
a major portion of the tropical Eastern Hemisphere

Text description of the a major portion of the tropical Eastern Hemisphere image.
The image is a world map highlighting regions affected by monsoons. Land areas are shown in green, while monsoon‑affected regions are overlaid with a translucent white shading. The map spans from Africa on the left, across the Middle East and South Asia, to Southeast Asia on the right. A dashed yellow line runs horizontally across the center of the map, representing the Equator.
The background features a grid pattern of latitude and longitude lines set against a blue ocean backdrop, giving the map a coordinate‑style appearance. The label “Monsoon Areas” is centrally placed across Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia, identifying the regions influenced by monsoonal circulation.
world's major monsoon region

Text description of the world's major monsoon region image.
The image is a world map highlighting regions affected by monsoons. Land areas are shown in green, while monsoon‑affected regions are overlaid with a translucent white shading. The map spans from Africa on the left, across the Middle East and South Asia, to Southeast Asia on the right. A dashed yellow line runs horizontally across the center of the map, representing the Equator.
The background features a grid pattern of latitude and longitude lines set against a blue ocean backdrop, giving the map a coordinate‑style appearance. The label “Monsoon Areas” is centrally placed across Africa, the Indian Ocean, and Southeast Asia, identifying the regions influenced by monsoonal circulation.
map long-term average temperatures

Text description of the map long-term average temperatures image.
The image is a colorful map illustrating the mean surface air temperature for the month of May across the Indian subcontinent, based on climatology data from 1968 to 1996. A temperature scale appears on the right side of the map, ranging from 0 to 35 degrees Celsius, shown as a color gradient from purple (lowest temperatures) to red (highest temperatures).
Northern India and neighboring regions display cooler temperatures, represented by blue and green shades. In contrast, the central and southern parts of India are shown in warmer colors—yellow, orange, and red—indicating higher average temperatures. The map includes latitude and longitude markers along its borders for geographic reference. The dataset and map were produced by the NOAA‑CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center.
monsoon trough

Text description of the monsoon trough image.
The image is a map showing sea level pressure in millibars over the Indian subcontinent and surrounding regions for the month of May, based on climatology data from 1968 to 1996. The map uses color shading to represent pressure variations, with a scale on the right ranging from 996 mb to 1028 mb. Lower pressure values are depicted in blue and purple shades, while higher pressures transition through green and yellow to red.
A dashed line labeled “Monsoon Trough” extends across northern India, with lower pressure values located south of the trough. Pressure contours are drawn across the map, and every other contour is labeled with its corresponding pressure value. Latitude and longitude markers are included for geographic reference. A text box at the top of the map attributes the data to the NOAA‑CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center.
winds turn into southwesterlies over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean

Text description of the winds turn into southwesterlies over the Arabian Sea and Indian Ocean image.
The image shows a map illustrating the effects of the Coriolis force on air movement near the equator. Green landmasses are displayed against a blue ocean background, and a yellow horizontal line labeled “EQUATOR” runs across the center of the map. Three curved red arrows depict the direction and deflection of air movement.
South of the equator, an arrow curves to the left, demonstrating that air flowing northward from the southern hemisphere subtropics is deflected left by the Coriolis force. This is labeled: “air flowing northward away from the southern hemisphere subtropics is deflected to the left by the coriolis force.”
North of the equator, another arrow curves to the right, with the label: “north of the equator, the coriolis force acts to the right, causing the air’s trajectory to become more westerly.”
A central arrow highlights the zone of convergence during late spring, explaining that “in late Spring, the zone of convergence moves north over the hot Indian subcontinent, allowing the northward flowing air to cross the equator.”
nearly complete reversal in wind direction between meteorological summer and winter

Text description of the nearly complete reversal in wind direction between meteorological summer and winter image.
The image is a comparative weather map divided into two panels, each illustrating seasonal wind and precipitation patterns over the Indian subcontinent and surrounding seas.
The left panel, labeled “JJA” (June–July–August), represents the mid‑year monsoon season. It shows a large area of warm colors over the Arabian Sea extending toward India, indicating high precipitation. The color scale transitions from red, orange, and yellow to green and blue, representing decreasing precipitation intensity. Black arrows across the panel depict wind directions, showing winds moving onshore toward the Indian subcontinent.
The right panel, labeled “DJF” (December–January–February), represents the winter season. This panel is dominated by cooler colors such as green and blue, with some yellow, indicating generally weaker precipitation and atmospheric activity, primarily over the Bay of Bengal. In contrast to the JJA panel, the wind arrows point in the opposite direction, showing winds moving offshore during this season.
associated with a monsoon depression

Text description of the associated with a monsoon depression image.
The image is a satellite view of a portion of Earth highlighting South Asia and parts of the Indian Ocean. Cloud formations are shown using varying shades of gray to illustrate weather patterns. A dense cluster of clouds is concentrated over the northern Indian Ocean and is labeled “Monsoon Depression,” indicating an active weather system in that region.
Landmasses, including the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia, are faintly visible beneath the cloud cover. Yellow outlines trace the continents and islands, while small yellow crosses are distributed across the image to mark latitude and longitude reference points.
Estimated precipitation from satellite

Text description of the Estimated precipitation from satellite image.
The image is a weather map displaying precipitation data over Southeast Asia, including parts of India, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. It's color-coded to represent different rainfall totals from June 10 to 15, 2004. The map exhibits a gradient from blue to red, where blue indicates lower rainfall and red signifies higher rainfall. The regions over northeastern India and parts of Bangladesh show intense red, indicating heavy rainfall. Surrounding areas display greens and yellows, signifying moderate rainfall. White lines outline the countries, enhancing geographical context. A scale at the bottom provides a reference for millimeters and inches of rainfall, showing a color transition from blue (4 inches/100 mm) to red (over 20 inches/500 mm).
El Niño and La Niña
strip between latitudes five degrees north and south and longitudes 170 degrees West and 120 degrees West

Text description of the strip between latitudes five degrees north and south and longitudes 170 degrees West and 120 degrees West image.
The image is a map showing parts of the Pacific Ocean (in blue) and adjacent landmasses (in green), highlighting specific monitoring regions for ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) events. Land areas include portions of North America, South America, and smaller Pacific islands. A latitude–longitude grid overlays the map to provide geographic reference.
A pink rectangular region extends across the equatorial Pacific, identifying the designated ENSO monitoring areas. This region is intersected by a dashed yellow line representing the Equator. Black text near the center of the highlighted area reads “Monitoring Regions for ENSO events,” clearly labeling its purpose.
normally cold Humboldt ocean current

Text description of the normally cold Humboldt ocean current image.
The image is a map of the western coast of South America highlighting the country of Peru. It shows the trajectory of the Humboldt Current along the Pacific Ocean. The land is depicted in varying shades of green, with Peru in lighter green and labeled in black text. The Pacific Ocean is shaded light blue with white arrows illustrating the direction of the Humboldt Current flowing northward parallel to the coast. The map includes white text indicating the "Pacific Ocean" and "Humboldt Current".
cross-section of ocean temperatures and sea-surface heights from

Text description of the cross-section of ocean temperatures and sea-surface heights from image.
The image shows a 3D visualization of Earth’s geography with a focus on ocean temperatures. The upper portion displays a map of Alaska and part of the Pacific Ocean, rendered in a realistic topographic style. Below this surface view, a vertical cross‑section reveals subsurface ocean temperatures using a color gradient.
The temperature scale transitions from dark blue, representing the coldest waters, through lighter blue, green, yellow, and red, indicating progressively warmer temperatures. Along the right side of the image, depth markers are labeled at 300‑foot intervals, extending down to 600 feet. A white text label reading “Jan 97” appears in the bottom‑left corner. The warmest ocean temperatures are concentrated in shallower waters of the western Pacific.
Local and Global Effects of El Niño and La Niña
Galapagos Islands

Text description of the Galapagos Islands image.
The image is a map of the South Pacific Ocean and its surrounding regions, highlighting various countries and islands both in text and physical depiction. The map is primarily displayed in blue color representing the ocean, with land areas shown in green. Major regions include Australia, depicted prominently in the southwest section of the map with its major cities like Canberra and Perth marked, and New Zealand shown towards the south, featuring its cities Wellington and Auckland. To the north of Australia are the Philippines and Indonesia, depicted with their numerous islands. The map also shows island nations and territories like Fiji, Samoa, Tahiti, and the Galapagos Islands, the last marked in red with a dotted line to emphasize its location and close proximity to the equator. The map outlines the equator with a yellow dashed line. The eastern edge of the map features western South America, including countries like Ecuador, with its capital Quito marked, and the coastline extending down through Chile and Argentina.
lower sea-level pressures in the western Pacific

Text description of the lower sea-level pressures in the western Pacific image.
The image is a colored map showing sea level pressure climatology from 1968 to 1996. It spans from 140°E to 70°W longitude and 15°N to 15°S latitude. The map displays varying pressure zones, with a large area labeled "Lower Pressure" depicted in dark blue, occupying most of the left and center portions of the map across the Pacific Ocean region. On the right, labeled "Higher Pressure," is a green region covering parts of the Eastern Pacific near the South American coast. A color scale at the bottom ranges from purple, blue, green, yellow, to red, representing sea level pressures from 1008 to 1016 mb. The map includes a label from the NOAA-CIRES/Climate Diagnostics Center.
Ecuador southward to northern Chile

Text description of the Ecuador southward to northern Chile image.
The image is a map of South America, displaying the continent in green against a blue ocean background. The map includes country names in uppercase letters, with major cities labeled in smaller text. A dashed yellow line represents the equator, cutting across the continent through Ecuador. The Falkland Islands and South Georgia Island are situated in the southern Atlantic Ocean below the continent.
Atacama Desert from space and on the ground

Text description of the Atacama Desert from space and on the ground image.
The image is divided into two distinct parts. On the left, a satellite view of Earth highlights a vast, vertically oriented region rendered in shades of brown and red, suggesting a desert landscape. Adjacent to this terrain is a long, dense band of white clouds, which sharply contrasts with the darker ocean below. The curvature of the Earth is clearly visible, emphasizing the scale of both the landmass and the atmosphere.
On the right, the image shifts to a ground‑level view within a desert environment. The foreground contains rugged, light‑brown rock formations and sandy soil with varied textures and irregular shapes. In the distance, faint mountain peaks are visible beneath a clear blue sky, reinforcing the arid conditions depicted in the scene.
temperature anomalies near the top of the troposphere from January to March 1998

Text description of the temperature anomalies near the top of the troposphere from January to March 1998 image.
The image is a world map displaying climate data as a composite anomaly of 300mb air pressure from January to March 1998. It uses contour lines and colors to represent different levels of air pressure anomalies. The colors range from deep blue and green on the left, indicating negative anomalies, to red and yellow on the right, indicating positive anomalies. The map is divided by latitude and longitude lines, with markers such as -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 showing specific anomaly values. The United States and Western Europe are mainly in a blue region, suggesting lower pressure anomalies, while the central Pacific Ocean features a large red area indicating higher pressure anomalies.
graphics showing typical large-scale temperature and precipitation anomalies

Text description of the graphics showing typical large-scale temperature and precipitation anomalies image.
The image consists of four world maps illustrating El Niño and La Niña climate conditions during different seasons. Each map shows continents shaded in green against a light blue, grid‑patterned background representing the ocean. Climate impacts are indicated using consistent symbols and colors: orange for warm conditions, blue for cool conditions, diagonal brown lines for dry conditions, and diagonal green lines for wet conditions.
The top‑left map, labeled “El Niño Conditions: December–February,” shows climate impacts during the Northern Hemisphere winter. Warm conditions dominate Southeast Asia, areas along the equator, and regions near Alaska, while dry conditions are evident across much of Southeast Asia.
The top‑right map, labeled “La Niña Conditions: December–February,” displays largely opposite patterns compared to the winter El Niño map. Widespread cool and wet conditions appear across several major regions, reflecting the contrasting atmospheric and oceanic influences of La Niña during this season.
The bottom‑left map, titled “El Niño Conditions: June–August,” illustrates summer patterns, with parts of the Americas, Africa, and Asia experiencing combinations of warm, dry, and wet conditions. In contrast, areas near Australia show cooler and drier conditions.
The bottom‑right map, labeled “La Niña Conditions: June–August,” highlights cool and wet conditions in regions such as Southeast Asia and northern South America, while warmer conditions are concentrated over eastern Australia.