METEO 3 Lesson 7 Images
Lesson 7: Mid-Latitude Weather Systems
Upper-Air Patterns
balloon experiment

Text description of the balloon experiment image.
The image is split into two sections showing an experiment with a green glass bottle placed in a metal pot on a stovetop. In both sections, the pot is positioned on a coil burner. On the left side, a deflated red balloon is attached to the bottle's neck. The background consists of a stove's control panel with black dials and a striped wall. On the right side, the same setup is shown, but the red balloon is now inflated, standing upright from the bottle's neck. The burner beneath the pot appears to be on and glowing faintly. The stovetop's surface is white, and the control panel is consistent across both sections.
pressure at the same altitude

Text description of the pressure at the same altitude image.
The image depicts three vertical columns against a gradient blue background that simulates the sky. Each column is filled with white dots representing air molecules. The left column has a red tint and the dots are spread out, indicating warmer air. The center column is labeled "Standard column" in yellow, with evenly distributed dots. The right column has a blue tint and tightly packed dots, representing colder air. A horizontal black line crosses through all columns, labeled "Pressure less than 500 mb." A yellow dashed line curves through the columns, labeled "500 mb," rising in the warmer column and dipping in the colder column. The bottom of the image features a green band depicting the ground.
map of approximate yearly average pressure near 20,000 feet

Text description of the map of approximate yearly average pressure near 20,000 feet image.
The image shows a world map displaying yearly average atmospheric pressure near 20,000 feet. The map features geographical outlines of continents on a grid background. Atmospheric pressure variations are represented using a color gradient ranging from purple, indicating lower pressures, to red, indicating higher pressures. The colors transition through blue, green, yellow, and orange. The highest pressure regions are central and extending towards the equator, while lower pressure regions appear towards the poles. Beneath the map is a legend illustrating the pressure gradient from "Lower pressures" with purple to "Higher pressures" with red.
zoomed-out version of the model analysis of upper-level winds above

Text description of the zoomed-out version of the model analysis of upper-level winds above image.
The image is a weather map illustrating the 300 mb height and wind speed in knots over North America. It features contour lines and colors indicating varying wind speeds. The contours represent pressure levels, shown by numbers ranging from 852 to 966. The map is overlaid with bright colors: dark red and yellow signify the highest wind speeds, primarily over the Pacific Northwest, while purples and blues cover most of North America. The jet stream is visible, curving from the west coast of the United States, dipping across the central states, and moving northeastward into the Atlantic. The map includes landmass outlines, borders, and coastal lines for geographical reference.
Highs, Lows, and Weight Management
Cooking Up a Mid-Latitude Cyclone
fronts mark boundaries between contrasting air masses

Text description of the fronts mark boundaries between contrasting air masses image.
The image is a weather map divided into two sections. The left section illustrates a large area of the United States, highlighting high-pressure systems using the letter "H". A blue shaded region indicates cooler air, while a red shaded region denotes warmer air. Yellow arrows depict wind patterns moving within these air masses, with a series of red semicircles and blue triangles marking a frontal boundary between them.
The right section is a zoomed-in view of the weather front, showing more detailed wind and pressure patterns. It also includes the notation "Frontal Zone" in a gray curved area, accompanied by red semicircles and blue triangles indicating the front's line.
idealized stationary front

Text description of the idealized stationary front image.
The image is a diagram illustrating a weather front. It features a three-dimensional view of a grassy plane transitioning into a cold front and a warm front. The background shows an angled, translucent surface indicating the interface between cold and warm air masses. The cold air, labeled "Cold," is represented by blue arrows pointing toward the warm front. The warm air, labeled "Warm," is represented by red arrows pointing towards the cold front. The cold section is shaded blue, while the warm section is shaded red, symbolizing temperature differences. The ground appears in green, with the edges of the diagram framed in brown.
area ahead of the cold front and south of the warm front
Text description of the area ahead of the cold front and south of the warm front image.
The image is a weather surface analysis map of the United States, showing various meteorological features. The map is overlaid with isobars, which are thin, red contour lines indicating areas of equal atmospheric pressure. The isobars form circular patterns, particularly prominent in the northeastern region where they surround a low-pressure area marked with an "L" and a central pressure value of 994 mb. Several blue and red fronts are depicted—blue for cold fronts and red for warm fronts. The cold fronts are marked with triangular symbols, while the warm fronts have semicircular markers. Two high-pressure areas are noted, marked with "H" and pressure values like 1025 mb. The words "Warm Sector" are labeled in red to highlight a specific region. These features are dispersed across the map in relation to the geographical distribution of the United States, including key known states.
schematic of the occluded stage

Text description of the schematic of the occluded stage image.
The image depicts a weather diagram illustrating the occluded stage of a front. It features a swirling pattern of arrows overlaid on a color-coded map. On the left, broad purple shading represents the area of occlusion, with dark blue arrows curving inward, suggesting the movement of cold air. A bold red "L" is placed centrally within this area, indicating a low-pressure zone. Adjacent to this, a yellow section on the right signifies warmer air, marked by upward-curving red arrows, indicating rising warm air. A horizontal boundary separates the purple and yellow sections, marked by alternating blue triangles and red semicircles. Above this boundary, blue arrows are labeled as "Retreating stale cool air."
as it was earlier in the low's life

Text description of the as it was earlier in the low's life image.
The image is a meteorological diagram illustrating a cold front. On the left, a mass of blue-colored cold air is shown advancing towards a mass of warm air on the right. The blue area is labeled "Advancing fresh cold air" and features blue arrows pointing right to indicate the movement of the cold air mass. The boundary between the blue and yellow areas is marked by a jagged blue line symbolizing the cold front. To the right, a yellow region represents the warm air mass, with orange arrows curving upwards and to the left, indicating the uplift of this air. A red curved line with semi-circles on top denotes the warm front. Above these sections, a red letter "L" marks the location of the low-pressure system. The background features a gradient blend of blue and yellow hues.
dumped more than 30 inches of snow

Text description of the dumped more than 30 inches of snow image.
The image is a map showing snowfall accumulation from January 22-24, 2016, across the eastern United States. The map is color-coded to indicate different levels of snowfall in inches. Regions with snowfall between 1-4 inches are shaded in light gray, 4-10 inches in light blue, 10-20 inches in blue, 20-30 inches in dark blue, and over 30 inches in red. The most significant snowfall, shown in red, is concentrated in areas of West Virginia, Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. A legend on the map's right side explains the color scale. The map also includes topographical details like state boundaries and mountain ranges. Text indicates the dates of the snowfall and provides a NESIS (Northeast Snowfall Impact Scale) value of 7.66, indicating a Category 4 event. A NOAA logo is positioned in the bottom right corner.
animation of surface maps spanning the life of the Blizzard of 2016 (0:16)
Text description of the animation of surface maps spanning the life of the Blizzard of 2016 (0:14)
The animation is a weather map showing a surface analysis of the United States on January 21, 2016. It includes various meteorological symbols and data. High-pressure areas are marked with blue "H" symbols, while low-pressure areas are marked with red "L" symbols. Isobars, represented by thin brown lines, curve across the map, indicating areas of equal atmospheric pressure. The map also shows weather fronts: blue lines with triangles signify cold fronts, and red lines with semicircles denote warm fronts. Text annotations highlight specific weather conditions, such as a 1009 mb low labeled as "Baby" in the Southern U.S., regions experiencing much colder temperatures, and areas with temperatures in the 60s and 70s in the southeastern states. Temperature values in various colors and precipitation indicators are scattered across the map.
Cold Fronts
chain of blue triangles

Text description of the chain of blue triangles image.
TThe image shows a series of small, triangular pennant flags strung along a curving blue line against a white background. The line resembles a string or a cable, with each of the blue flags hanging downward at intervals along the line. The flags are evenly spaced and all point in the same direction.
surface convergence promotes rising currents of air

Text description of the surface convergence promotes rising currents of air image.
The image shows a simple diagram against a gradient blue sky transitioning into a green and brown landscape at the bottom. Two white clouds are spaced evenly across the middle of the image. A black dashed arrow points upward from the ground, centered between the two clouds. Two solid red arrows, also positioned at the bottom, point towards each other horizontally from the left and right sides of the image, converging on the dashed arrow.
Thus, showers and/or thunderstorms often precede the passage of a cold front (0:02)
Transcript: Thus, showers and/or thunderstorms (0:02)
The animation is a weather map showing cloud cover overlaid with a blue cold front line. The background features a grayscale satellite view of the central United States, with clouds appearing in white and the land in shades of gray. The cold front is represented by a blue line with triangular points, extending from the top right to the bottom left of the image, indicating the boundary between different air masses. The clouds are concentrated along and ahead of the front, suggesting a weather system. State boundaries are faintly visible in the background.
surface analysis on January 13, 2007

Text description of the surface analysis on January 13, 2007 image.
The image is a weather map illustrating surface weather patterns across a portion of the United States. It features various meteorological symbols and contour lines indicating pressure systems. Prominent elements include areas marked "HIGH" denoting high-pressure zones, located near the Great Lakes and the southeastern region. Green shaded areas indicate precipitation. Isobars, represented by red contour lines, enclose these high-pressure areas and are labeled with numerical values like 1032, 1028, and 1024. Blue lines with triangles indicate cold fronts, and red lines with semicircles show warm fronts. The background is a light beige with state borders, and water bodies are depicted in cyan.
eddies to form

Text description of the eddies to form image.
The image illustrates the concept of wind speed increasing with height and the formation of turbulent eddies. The background is a gradient of light blue, representing the sky. On the left side, four white arrows of varying lengths point to the right, stacked vertically. The shortest arrow at the bottom, gradually increasing in length as they ascend, suggests increasing wind speed with height. Annotations next to the arrows read "Wind speed increasing with height." Below these arrows, four red circular arrows, indicating turbulent eddies, are displayed in a horizontal line. The grass-green band at the bottom represents the ground. The text "Turbulent Eddies" is written in red above the circular arrows.
Warm Fronts and Stationary Fronts
chain of red semicircle

Text description of the chain of red semicircle image.
The image features a simple abstract design with five red circles arranged along a red arc. The circles are evenly spaced and progressively increase in size from left to right. The red arc curves upward in the middle, creating a smooth, wave-like pattern. The background is plain white, providing contrast to the bold red elements in the image.
a chain of alternating blue triangles and red semicircles

Text description of the a chain of alternating blue triangles and red semicircles image.
The image depicts a simple graphic with red semi-circles and blue triangles. The graphic is composed of a wavy red line with two red semi-circles positioned on the peaks. Below this line are two blue triangles located in the troughs, pointing downward. The background is plain white, creating a contrast with the red and blue shapes.
typically become warm fronts

Text description of the typically become warm fronts image.
The image is divided into two side-by-side panels depicting meteorological phenomena involving air masses. Both panels illustrate interactions between cold and warm air.
On the left panel, an angled 3D cross-section shows a green ground surface with a blue-tinted overlay representing a cold air mass and an orange-tinted overlay for a warm air mass. Blue arrows indicate cold air moving towards the warm region, while red arrows show warm air interacting above the cold layer.
The right panel also displays a similar cross-section, with the cold air depicted in blue pushing into the warm air zone, creating an upward red arrow pattern representing warm air rising. The cold air seems to undercut the warm air, pushing it upwards.
forced up the incline created by the cold-air wedge

Text description of the forced up the incline created by the cold-air wedge image.
The image is an illustrative cross-section of a weather front. It shows the movement of air over a frontal zone. The bottom of the image is a green band labeled "Surface warm front." Above it, the frontal zone is depicted as a sloped purple triangle against a pink background, symbolizing the sky or atmosphere. An arrow labeled "Air glides up the frontal zone" follows the slope of the purple area. A horizontal distance of "300 km" is marked beneath the slope, alongside a vertical measurement of "1 km," indicating the height. The slope is described as "Slope = 1/300," which is positioned within the blue area, depicting atmospheric layers.
cirrostratus

Text description of the cirrostratus image.
The image portrays a silhouette of a tall, rectangular structure against a backdrop of a sky filled with thin, wispy clouds. The structure is prominent on the left side of the image, with sharp, angular lines and an overhanging top edge. The sky has a gradient of blue hues, gradually lightening toward the horizon, and thin clouds stretch horizontally across the frame. The sun is positioned behind the structure, creating a bright halo effect and casting the structure into shadow.
22-degree halo

Text description of the 22-degree halo image.
The image features a silhouette of a basketball hoop centered in the lower half, with a distinct halo effect encircling the bright sun behind it. The sky is filled with thin, wispy clouds, and the halo appears as a faint, circular rainbow with subtle hues of red and blue. Leafless trees occupy the lower edges, stretching up towards the sky and framing the silhouette of the hoop, which is positioned against the sky to create a stark contrast.
altostratus

Text description of the altostratus image.
The image shows an overcast sky with a bright, circular sun partially obscured by clouds, situated in the upper part of the image. Below, a suburban landscape is visible, populated with a mix of residential and commercial buildings. The buildings are primarily low-rise with varied roofing styles and colors, set among sparse greenery. In the distance, a range of low hills or mountains can be seen, providing a faint backdrop to the scene.
surface analysis on April 25, 2010

Text description of the surface analysis on April 25, 2010 image.
The image is a surface weather analysis map of the United States, displaying weather fronts and pressure systems. There are lines of isobars in red, labeled with numbers indicating pressure values. A low-pressure system is prominently located in the central U.S., around Illinois, with concentric isobars indicating decreasing pressure towards the center, labeled as 984 within the lowest circle. Blue lines with triangles indicate cold fronts, while red lines with semicircles represent warm fronts. A mix of blue and red symbols on lines marks occluded fronts. Areas of high and low pressure are denoted by blue "H" and red "L" respectively, situated across various regions. The weather map includes time and date details, with additional data and annotations along the bottom and sides.
upper-level disturbance creates strong divergence aloft

Text description of the upper-level disturbance creates strong divergence aloft image.
The image depicts a cross-section of a thunderstorm system against a pink and blue gradient sky. At the center, there is a towering white cumulonimbus cloud extending upwards from a base of flatter, spread-out clouds. Above the cloud, in the pink sky area, there is an oval shape labeled "Strong Divergence" with arrows pointing left and right, indicating the outward flow of air. A thick red arrow runs vertically through the cumulonimbus cloud, and another red arrow extends diagonally from the right side of the cloud, pointing rightward. Below the clouds, the foreground shows a green horizontal band representing the ground. Blue, downward arrows indicate rainfall or downdrafts on the left side of the cloud.
Conveyor Belts
cloud structure of an infant low often resembles a leaf on a tree

Text description of the cloud structure of an infant low often resembles a leaf on a tree image.
The image is a satellite view of a weather system captured from above. It displays a swirling mass of clouds in various colors indicative of different temperatures or altitudes, often used in meteorology for analysis. In the center, there is a prominent area of turquoise blue, surrounded by irregular patterns of bright magenta, red, and yellow, indicating the presence and intensity of cloud formations. The background consists of a gradient of gray, representing the Earth's surface or ocean beneath the clouds. The upper portion of the image has a black space indicating the edge of the visible atmosphere and space.
resemble the shape of a comma on satellite

Text description of the resemble the shape of a comma on satellite image.
The image is a colorful infrared satellite weather map showing a large part of the United States. It displays states in various colors indicating different temperatures. A spiral pattern with cooler colors, such as blue and green, is visible over the central United States, suggesting cloud coverage and weather activity. The warmer colors, orange and red, cover the southern and some eastern parts, indicating warmer temperatures. A prominent black curved line is drawn across the map, starting in the northern central U.S. and curving southeastward, likely highlighting a weather front or system movement. State borders and geographic outlines are visible beneath the color overlay.
radar imagery

Text description of the radar imagery image.
The image is a radar map of the United States, showing weather patterns across the country. The map highlights precipitation using various colors, ranging from green to red, indicating intensity. A large, curved band of intense weather stretches diagonally from the southwest to the northeast in the central part of the country, suggesting a significant weather front. Lighter areas of precipitation are visible in the western and southeastern parts. A color scale on the right side shows levels from 10 to 70. The image is framed with state boundaries and major cities marked with white lines.
warm conveyor belt

Text description of the warm conveyor belt image.
The image depicts a weather map showing a portion of the United States with overlaying weather fronts and wind patterns. The map has a satellite view of the northeastern United States covered with cloud formations. A blue line with triangular spikes indicates a cold front moving southeast across the region. A red line with semicircles and an L-shaped red line represent a warm front and low-pressure system, respectively. Two orange arrows above the map suggest wind or jet stream flow, curving across and out of the frame. The entire scene has an overlay of a light blue hue, adding contrast to the white clouds and dark green land below.
S-shape

Text description of the S-shape image.
The image is a detailed graphical representation of a weather map depicting atmospheric conditions over a geographic region. A large portion of the image is covered by a satellite view of the United States' Northeastern seaboard. Superimposed over the map are several colored lines and arrows indicating weather fronts. A curved orange arrow runs horizontally, suggesting air flow direction. A blue line with triangular markers indicates a cold front. A red line with semicircles marks a warm front, and a purple line represents an occluded front. The background is shaded in green, simulating a 3D effect of the Earth's curvature. The topography of the states is visible with coastline outlines and some cloud coverage depicted in various shades of white and gray.
dry slot

Text description of the dry slot image.
The image is divided into two sections, each showing a weather satellite infrared image of the eastern United States. Both sections depict a large swirling mass of clouds with a notable clear area labeled "Dry Slot." In the left image, the dry slot appears as a lighter region cutting into the cloud formation, while in the right image, it appears darker, contrasting with the surrounding lighter clouds. The images highlight the cloud dynamics associated with a weather system, with the dry slot prominently shown in yellow text.
dry conveyor belt

Text description of the dry conveyor belt image.
The image displays a 3D weather map, illustrating portions of a landmass with an overlaid satellite view depicting clouds. The map features several superimposed colored lines: a red line with semi-circles indicating a warm front, a blue line with triangles indicating a cold front, and a purple line combining both symbols, indicating an occluded front. A curved yellow arrow suggests wind direction movement. The geographical area is mostly covered by clouds, obscuring much of the land details, but coastlines and state borders are faintly visible.
cold conveyor belt

Text description of the cold conveyor belt image.
The image depicts a weather map showing parts of the northeastern United States with weather fronts overlaid. A blue cold front line, marked with triangles, extends southward along the East Coast and curves westward. A red warm front line, marked with semicircles, is visible above, arching eastward. A stationary front is depicted as alternating red and blue along part of its length. The background shows satellite imagery of clouds covering the region. Large, light blue arrows sweep across the map, illustrating wind flow patterns from southwest to northeast.
infrared satellite image

Text description of the infrared satellite image.
The image is a satellite view showing a spiraling weather system over the northeastern Pacific Ocean, near the Pacific Northwest coastline. The cyclone is rotating counterclockwise, characterized by swirling cloud formations. Two main conveyor belts are indicated on the image: a yellow line labeled "Warm Conveyor Belt" arcs northeastward from the cyclone toward the coast, while a blue line labeled "Cold Conveyor Belt" extends horizontally across the northern part of the image. The outlines of the coastal regions and the US states are marked in purple. A speech bubble near the top left corner contains text describing cloud-top temperatures.
precipitation

Text description of the precipitation image.
The image is a diagram illustrating the interaction between a warm conveyor belt and a cold conveyor belt in the atmosphere. The background consists of a pink sky at the top transitioning to a light blue near the middle, signifying atmospheric layers. An orange arrow labeled "Warm Conveyor Belt" ascends diagonally from left to right, above a series of white and gray clouds. Below these clouds, a light blue arrow labeled "Cold Conveyor Belt" extends horizontally. At the bottom, there is a green band with a gradient effect, labeled "S" on the left and "N" on the right, representing south and north directions.
swath of snow created by a powerful mid-latitude cyclone

Text description of the swath of snow created by a powerful mid-latitude cyclone image.
The image is a satellite view of a large geographical area in the Midwest United States. The region is primarily covered by a significant swath of snow stretching diagonally from the northwest to the southeast. To the northwest, there's a predominance of brown, indicating snow-free land. The snow's coverage is extensive, contrasting sharply against the surrounding barren land. Cloud formations are also visible, primarily in the northern and eastern parts of the image, exhibiting a mix of wispy and dense clouds. Several state boundaries are outlined, and Lake Michigan can be seen at the northeastern edge, bordered by more clouds and snow.
radar image of a Midwestern blizzard

Text description of the radar image of a Midwestern blizzard image.
The image is a weather radar map of the central United States, highlighting a weather system. The map includes state boundaries overlaid with varying colors indicating precipitation. The central part of the image is dominated by blue and green colors, representing different intensities of precipitation. Alongside these, areas in yellow suggest heavier rainfall. A low-pressure "L" symbol is present, with blue and red lines indicating fronts. The blue line with triangles represents a cold front, while the red line with semi-circles represents a warm front. There is a purple line denoting an occluded front. Text in yellow at the top left reads "Wrap-around Precipitation."
Types of Winter Precipitation
columns and hexagon plates

Text description of the columns and hexagon plates image.
The image shows a close-up view of ice crystals. The crystals showcase column and hexagon structures.
trees

Text description of the trees image.
The image shows a scene of devastation following an ice storm, with numerous trees damaged and covered in ice. The ground is blanketed with a layer of snow and ice, and broken tree limbs are scattered throughout the area. Trees in the background are bent and fractured, with branches coated heavily in ice. On the right side of the image, a building corner with brickwork is visible, and icicles hang from the eaves. The sky is overcast, indicating cold and harsh weather conditions.
freeze on all surfaces

Text description of the freeze on all surfaces image.
The image shows a utility pole and power lines heavily coated in ice, framed against a backdrop of ice-covered tree branches. The pole stands at an angle, supporting several cylindrical components. The power lines stretch diagonally, draped with long icicles. Tree branches, densely covered in ice, fill the space around the pole and lines, creating a complex, crystalline pattern. The sky in the background is overcast, casting a muted, cold light across the scene.
general template for the distribution of wintry precipitation

Text description of the general template for the distribution of wintry precipitation image.
The image is a weather map depicting various weather conditions across the United States. A large, red "L" symbolizing a low-pressure system is centered over the central U.S. To the west and northwest, a deep blue area represents heavy snow. Surrounding this is a lighter blue area indicating light snow that extends eastward. A narrow band in pink shows sleet, running horizontally across the central eastern part of the map. Below this, a thin band in purple represents freezing rain. A green area depicting rain is situated to the south of the freezing rain. Further south, a green shaded area indicates thunderstorms, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico into the southeastern U.S. The map includes a curved red line with half circles, representing a warm front, and a blue line with triangles, indicating a cold front. The background shows a faint outline of the United States with state borders.
Winter Weather Safety
plot shows the number of hours of "near blizzard" conditions

Text description of the plot shows the number of hours of "near blizzard" conditions image.
The image is a map of the northeastern United States displaying the number of hourly observations near blizzard conditions on January 23-24, 2016. The map highlights different states, including New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and surrounding areas. Various colored dots indicate the number of hours where conditions approached blizzard status. The dots range in color from light blue to purple, corresponding to a scale on the right labeled from 1 to 9. On the left, there's a list of station codes followed by numbers, indicating the duration of blizzard-like conditions at each location. A legend at the bottom specifies that data represents observations with visibility less than or equal to 0.25 miles and wind gusts of 35 mph or more.
the moving air transports warm air away from our bodies faster

Text description of the the moving air transports warm air away from our bodies faster image.
The image is a split illustration comparing the effects of no wind vs. windy conditions on body temperature. The left side, titled "NO WIND," shows a person wearing winter clothing, including a hat with ear flaps and a jacket, standing against a backdrop of leafless trees and a snowing sky. There are red wavy lines around the person symbolizing retained body heat, with text noting "98.6°F - Average temperature of the human body." Below, a caption explains that people lose heat through convection, with a layer of warmth maintained between the skin and surroundings.
The right side, titled "WINDY," has a similar illustration of a person, but with an added effect of a breeze depicted by diagonal lines and snowflakes. The red wavy lines suggest increased heat loss. The text notes "95°F - Hypothermia begins when our body temperature drops two to four degrees." A caption explains that wind breaks up the insulating layer of warmth, accelerating heat loss. The phrase "Heat is moved away from our bodies" is displayed in red. The NOAA logo and a website, "weather.gov/winter," are located at the bottom right.
National Weather Serivice wind chill chart

Text description of the National Weather Serivice wind chill chart image.
The image is a wind chill chart against a black background displaying how temperature and wind speed affect the perceived coldness. The chart is divided into columns representing temperatures in Fahrenheit, ranging from 40°F to -45°F, and rows for wind speeds from 5 mph to 60 mph. The chart uses a gradient of colors, from light blue to dark purple, indicating increasing severity of wind chill as temperatures drop and wind speeds increase. The chart contains a legend indicating frostbite times: light blue for 30 minutes, medium blue for 10 minutes, and dark purple for 5 minutes. Logos for NOAA and the National Weather Service appear at the top. The formula for calculating wind chill is Wind Chill (ºF)=35.74+0.6215T-35.75(V0.16)+0.4275T(V0.16) where T= Air Temperature (ºF) and V=Wind Speed (mph). The chart's effectiveness date is November 11, 2001.
| Calm | 40º | 35º | 30º | 25º | 20º | 15º | 10º | 5º | 0º | -5º | -10º | -15º | -20º | -25º | -30º | -35º | -40º | -45º |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 mph | 36 | 31 | 25 | 19 | 13 | 7 | 1 | -5 | -11 | -16 | -22 | -28 | -34 | -40 | -46 | -52 | -57 | -63 |
| 10 mph | 34 | 27 | 21 | 15 | 9 | 3 | -4 | -10 | -16 | -22 | -28 | -35 | -41 | -47 | -53 | -59 | -66 | -72 |
| 15 mph | 32 | 25 | 19 | 13 | 6 | 0 | -7 | -13 | -19 | -26 | -32 | -39 | -45 | -51 | -58 | -64 | -71 | -77 |
| 20 mph | 30 | 24 | 17 | 11 | 4 | -2 | -9 | -15 | -22 | -29 | -35 | -42 | -48 | -55 | -61 | -68 | -74 | -81 |
| 25 mph | 29 | 23 | 16 | 9 | 3 | -4 | -11 | -17 | -24 | -31 | -37 | -44 | -51 | -58 | -64 | -71 | -78 | -84 |
| 30 mph | 28 | 22 | 15 | 8 | 1 | -5 | -12 | -19 | -26 | -33 | -39 | -46 | -53 | -60 | -67 | -73 | -80 | -87 |
| 35 mph | 28 | 21 | 14 | 7 | 0 | -7 | -14 | -21 | -27 | -34 | -41 | -48 | -55 | -62 | -69 | -76 | -82 | -89 |
| 40 mph | 27 | 20 | 13 | 6 | -1 | -8 | -15 | -22 | -29 | -36 | -43 | -50 | -57 | -64 | -71 | -78 | -84 | -91 |
| 45 mph | 26 | 19 | 12 | 5 | -2 | -9 | -16 | -23 | -30 | -37 | -44 | -51 | -58 | -65 | -72 | -79 | -86 | -93 |
| 50 mph | 26 | 19 | 12 | 4 | -3 | -10 | -17 | -24 | -31 | -38 | -45 | -52 | -60 | -67 | -74 | -81 | -88 | -95 |
| 55 mph | 25 | 18 | 11 | 4 | -3 | -11 | -18 | -25 | -32 | -39 | -46 | -54 | -61 | -68 | -75 | -82 | -89 | -97 |
| 60 mph | 25 | 17 | 10 | 3 | -4 | -11 | -19 | -26 | -33 | -40 | -48 | -55 | -62 | -69 | -76 | -84 | -91 | -98 |
preferably in in layers

Text description of the preferably in in layers image.
The image is an infographic titled "Dressing for Cold Weather" divided into three sections: "Chilly," "Cold," and "Extreme Cold." Each section presents an illustrated character dressed appropriately for the specified weather condition. The background consists of varying shades of blue, suggesting different temperatures.
The "Chilly" section shows a character with dark skin and curly hair wearing 1-2 layers: a long-sleeve shirt and pants, with advice to add a waterproof outer layer for wind and rain and warm shoes.
The "Cold" section depicts a character with light skin wearing a blue hat, 2-3 layers including a jacket, gloves, boots, and a note to use an outer layer against wind and wet snow.
The "Extreme Cold" section illustrates a character with light skin in a red hat and face mask, with 3+ insulating layers, gloves, boots, and an outer layer for wind protection. Accessories like the warm hat and boots are emphasized as waterproof.