METEO 3 Lesson 5 Images

Lesson 5: Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere

Introduction

optical illusion involving forced perspective

Man on snowy landscape humorously appears to hold a smaller distant woman by the hand.
optical illusion involving forced perspective
Text description of the optical illusion involving forced perspective image.

The image shows a playful optical illusion on a snowy landscape, likely a glacier. In the foreground, a man in a winter jacket and sunglasses, wearing crampons, appears to be holding a smaller woman by the hand. The woman is positioned further in the background, standing on one leg. Behind them, a serene lake and mountain range stretch across the horizon under a partly cloudy blue sky. The optical illusion results from their differing distances from the camera, creating a whimsical effect.

Credit: Alexandre Durante / is licensed under CC BY 2.0 (opens in a new window)

 

In-Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements

cup anemometer and wind vane

Weather station anemometer on a red pole against a gray sky.
cup anemometer and wind vane
Text description of the cup anemometer and wind vane image.

The image shows a weather station's anemometer mounted on top of a pole. The pole is painted red, with a pair of red warning lights located near the top. Above the lights, two white curved arms extend horizontally in opposite directions. One arm holds a wind vane with three cups, used to measure wind speed, while the other arm appears to have a sensor or antenna. The background is a uniform gray, indicating an overcast sky.

Credit: National Weather Service

 

Observing Weather From Space

spatial resolution

Three satellite images of an island at resolutions of 250 meters, 1 kilometer, and 4 kilometers, showing decreasing levels of detail.
spatial resolution
Text description of the spatial resolution image.

The image is a comparative display of satellite imagery of an island, shown in three different levels of resolution: 250 meters, 1 kilometer, and 4 kilometers. The left panel shows the island with high resolution at 250 meters, where small details like individual cumulus clouds are clearly visible. The middle panel displays a lower resolution of 1 kilometer, where details are more blurred, and small features are averaged with their surroundings. The right panel shows the lowest resolution at 4 kilometers, where the image is highly pixelated, making small objects indistinguishable. The water surrounding the island appears dark blue, and the land is green with scattered white clouds. Each panel is labeled at the top with the respective resolution in bright yellow text.

Transcribed Text:

At very high resolutions, small objects such as individual cumulus clouds can be seen. 250-meter means that each pixel in the image spans 250x250 meters.

As resolution decreases, each pixel is an average of a larger area. Small features which occupy less than a pixel in areal coverage are averaged in with their surroundings.

At very low resolutions, small objects such as individual cumulus clouds cannot be seen. As resolution decreases, entire "broken" cloud fields can fade into the background.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (opens in a new window)

loop of the eye of Hurricane Dorian (0:06)

loop of the eye of Hurricane Dorian
Text description of the loop of the eye of Hurricane Dorian image (0:06)

The image is a grayscale satellite view of a swirling storm system overlaid with a thin white outline of a coast at the top. The storm features distinct circular cloud formations radiating outward from a central eye, which appears darker. The cloud bands have a textured and fluffy appearance, creating a sense of movement. The upper portion is relatively clearer compared to the dense cloud structures at the center.

Credit: Dakota Smith

loop of GOES satellite images (0:03)

loop of GOES satellite images
Text description of the loop of GOES satellite images (0:03)

The image is a satellite view of the eastern United States, showing a large weather system over the Atlantic Ocean. The coastlines and state boundaries are outlined in orange. The weather system appears as swirling cloud formations mostly concentrated off the southeastern coast. The image shows significant cloud cover stretching across several states, including parts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The system displays a prominent spiral pattern, typical of a hurricane or tropical storm.

Credit: Penn State Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

a large portion of an entire hemisphere

Satellite image of the Americas with continents outlined in yellow and visible cloud formations.
a large portion of an entire hemisphere
Text description of the a large portion of an entire hemisphere image.

The image is a black and white satellite view of the Earth, focusing on the Americas, with North and South America prominently displayed. It appears to be a GOES-EAST satellite image. The continents are traced with thin, bright yellow outlines, making geographical borders easily distinguishable against the dark ocean background. The North American continent is visible in the upper part with the United States clearly outlined. Central America is in the middle, and the vast expanse of South America occupies the lower right portion of the globe. Cloud formations are visible over the oceans and landmasses, appearing as light areas against the darker background. The image shows details like cloud patterns and the swirling currents of weather systems. The NOAA logo is located in the bottom left corner.

Credit: NOAA

large polar storms

Satellite image of a swirling Arctic cloud formation and snow-covered landmasses.
large polar storms
Text description of the large polar storms image.

The image depicts a satellite view of a swirling cloud formation over the Arctic region. This large-scale vortex pattern dominates the left side of the image, characterized by a tightly coiled center with broad spiraling arms extending outward. The cloud structure exhibits varying shades of white and light grey, indicating differences in cloud density. To the right, there are landmasses covered with snow and ice, likely parts of the Arctic Archipelago, surrounded by patches of dark blue ocean water. In the top left corner of the image, there is a small globe graphic displaying a red outline marking the geographical area shown.

Credit: NASA

Antarctic icebergs

Grayscale satellite image of polar ice with red arrows pointing to a dark boundary feature.
Antarctic icebergs
Text description of the Antarctic icebergs image.

The image is a grayscale satellite photograph showing an expanse of ice and snow in a polar region. Light and dark shades represent different textures and elevations of the ice surface. A series of red arrows point upward along a straight, dark line near the center, indicating a significant boundary or feature, such as a crack or rift in the ice. Thin, bright blue grid lines overlay the image, marking coordinates for geographical reference. Latitude lines numbered 77 to 80 are visible along the side of the image and indicate the outlined boundary of the polar ice.

Credit: NOAA

visible image of smoke sweeping over the Northeast States

Satellite image of Eastern Canada showing wildfires with smoke and clouds.
visible image of smoke sweeping over the Northeast States
Text description of the visible image of smoke sweeping over the Northeast States image.

The image is a satellite view depicting a portion of the Earth, centered over Eastern Canada. The perspective is slanted, showing a mix of dark browns, greens, and whites indicating land, vegetation, and clouds. In the top-central section of the image, there is a concentrated area highlighted with the word "Fires" in bright yellow text, accompanied by two yellow arrows pointing downward, suggesting the location of wildfires. Surrounding the area of interest are large white cloud formations, some appearing thick and dense. A plume of smoke extends southwest from the fires, mingling with the cloud cover. The outline of the Canadian landmass is visible, marked by both natural landscapes and the Atlantic Ocean on the far eastern side.

Credit: University of Wisconsin

 

Clouds from Bottom to Top

 

Visible Satellite Imagery

absorptivity graphic

Graph showing absorptivity of various gases over different wavelengths, with sections for CH₄, N₂O, O₂ and O₃, CO₂, and H₂O.
absorptivity graphic
Text description of the absorptivity graphic.

The image is a graph showing the absorptivity of different atmospheric gases across a range of wavelengths measured in microns. The vertical axis is labeled "Absorptivity," ranging from 0 to 1, while the horizontal axis is labeled "Wavelength (microns)," spanning from 0.1 to 30. The graph consists of five horizontal sections, each representing a different gas: CH₄ (methane) in pink, N₂O (nitrous oxide) in orange, O₂ and O₃ (oxygen and ozone) in green, CO₂ (carbon dioxide) in red, and H₂O (water) in blue. Each section shows the specific absorption peaks for that gas at different wavelengths. At the bottom, a black section labeled "Atmosphere" indicates the overall absorption pattern, highlighting the cumulative effect of all gases. A red box outlines the region around the 0.4 to 0.6 micron range, labeled "Atmosphere."

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0(opens in a new window)

visible satellite loop of the United States (0:03)

visible satellite loop of the United States
Text description of the visible satellite loop of the United States images (0:03)

The loop is a satellite view of the continental United States with parts of Mexico and Canada visible. The map displays state boundaries in bright blue lines. Various cloud formations can be seen across the country, with thick, white clouds covering regions in the central and eastern areas. The western United States shows patches of clouds, but it is mostly clear. To the northwest, swirling cloud patterns are visible over the Pacific Ocean, indicating a weather system. Black areas represent cloud-free zones. The image shows the time and date at the bottom.

Credit: College of DuPage

full-sized version of the image

Satellite image showing northeastern U.S., with major features labeled such as the Great Lakes, Finger Lakes, Northern Forests, Susquehanna River, and Atlantic Ocean.
full-sized version of the image
Text description of the full-sized version of the image image.

The image is a satellite view of a region in the northeastern United States, captured in shades of gray. Major geographical features are labeled in bright yellow text with lines pointing to specific areas. The Great Lakes, including Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, are visible in the upper left; their dark waters contrast sharply with the land. The Finger Lakes are labeled further to the southeast. To the east, the Atlantic Ocean is visible, appearing darker than the land. The Northern Forests are marked towards the center of the image, surrounded by darker valley regions, which are noted for their agricultural significance. The Susquehanna River is identified as it winds through the landscape. Large cloud formations can be seen in the lower left portion of the image. Light blue lines outline state borders, offering additional context to the region's layout. The image includes a label from the College of DuPage NEXLAB in the top right corner.

Credit: College of DuPage

“true color” satellite view of Pennsylvania and surrounding states from Google

Golden Gate Bridge partially covered in fog with a clear blue sky above.
“true color” satellite view of Pennsylvania and surrounding states from Google
Text description of the “true color” satellite view of Pennsylvania and surrounding states from Google image.

The image is a detailed satellite map showing parts of the northeastern United States, including states such as Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Maryland, Connecticut, and Massachusetts. The map highlights major cities, highways, and natural features. Green hues dominate the map, indicating forested and natural areas, notably the Allegheny National Forest in Pennsylvania. Highways are marked in blue and orange, weaving through the states and connecting cities like Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and New York. Bodies of water, such as Lake Erie in the northwest and portions of the Atlantic Ocean in the southeast, are visible. Some of the roads include I-90, I-80, and I-76.

Credit: Google

fog and stratus

Golden Gate Bridge partially covered in fog with a clear blue sky above.
fog and stratus
Text description of the fog and stratus image.

The image shows the iconic Golden Gate Bridge extending over a body of water under a clear blue sky. The bridge, painted in its distinctive International Orange color, is partially shrouded in a dense layer of fog that obscures its far end. The structure's tall towers and suspension cables are prominently visible, with the bridge deck carrying vehicles across. The surrounding water is calm, with gentle ripples, and the light casts a shadow of the bridge onto the surface. The foreground showcases a rocky cliff edge, partially covered with sparse vegetation.

Credit: Golden Gate Bridge in the fog / Raul Diaz / is licensed under CC BY 2.0 (opens in a new window)

example of valley fog

Satellite image showing a region in the northeastern United States with
example of valley fog
Text description of the example of valley fog image.

The image is a satellite view highlighting a geographic region within the northeastern part of the United States. State borders are outlined in blue, while the dark background indicates night or low-light conditions. A section of Pennsylvania is labeled with yellow text and an arrow pointing to an area described as "Valley Fog," indicating the presence of fog within a valley. This feature is marked by light, wispy textures against the dark landscape. The image includes portions of several states such as New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, with the Atlantic Ocean visible to the southeast.

Credit: College of DuPage

example from October 30, 2011

Satellite image showing snow cover in the northeastern United States, with cloud cover and state borders outlined.
example from October 30, 2011
Text description of the example from October 30, 2011 image.

The image is a satellite view displaying parts of the northeastern United States. The map outlines state borders with blue lines. Several states are visible, including New York, Pennsylvania, and parts of New Jersey. The image primarily features cloud cover and snow cover in the central region, marked by labels. Snow cover is highlighted with yellow lines pointing to specific areas in the southern part of the map. The top right and bottom areas display extensive cloud coverage. The background is in grayscale, with varying gray shades depicting clouds and the landscape.

Credit: University of Wisconsin

loop of visible images from October 30, 2011 (0:05)

loop of visible images from October 30, 2011
Text description of the loop of visible images from October 30, 2011 images (0:05)

The image is a satellite view depicting a large weather system over the northeastern United States. It shows an extensive swirling mass of clouds, with the center of rotation near the coast of New England. The cloud patterns display a spiral shape typical of a significant weather event, possibly a nor'easter or tropical system. Surrounding the central mass, the cloud cover thins towards the outer regions. The underlying land areas, outlined in faint blue, include New York, Pennsylvania, and states in New England. The ocean appears darker at the bottom right, contrasting with the lighter cloud formations.

Credit: University of Wisconsin

 

Infrared Satellite Imagery

atmospheric absorption chart

Absorptivity graph of atmospheric gases across various wavelengths with six sections.
atmospheric absorption chart
Text description of the atmospheric absorption chart image.

The image is a graphical representation of the absorptivity of different atmospheric gases across various wavelengths, measured in microns. There are six horizontal sections representing different gases: CH₄ (methane), N₂O (nitrous oxide), O₂ and O₃ (oxygen and ozone), CO₂ (carbon dioxide), H₂O (water vapor), and a combined section labeled "Atmosphere." Each section has a unique color: CH₄ is pink, N₂O is orange, O₂ and O₃ are green, CO₂ is red, and H₂O is blue. The "Atmosphere" section is black. The x-axis represents wavelength in microns, ranging from 0.1 to 30, while the y-axis represents absorptivity, ranging from 0 to 1. A red rectangle highlights the area at approximately 10 microns.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0(opens in a new window)

“traditional” IR image

Infrared satellite image of the United States with cloud cover, taken on June 7, 2012.
“traditional” IR image
Text description of the “traditional” IR image image.

The image is a black-and-white infrared satellite picture of the United States, showing cloud cover across the country. It depicts the continental U.S. with state boundaries highlighted. In the central U.S., particularly over Oklahoma and surrounding states, there is a concentration of thick cloud cover, indicating potential storm activity. The western part of the U.S. is mostly clear except for some cloud formations along the Pacific Northwest. The eastern part shows a significant cloud mass extending over the Atlantic Ocean. The temperature scale at the bottom ranges from -75 to 55 degrees, possibly indicating cloud top temperatures.

Credit: NCAR

“enhanced image”

Satellite infrared map of the U.S. showing cloud cover and precipitation.
“enhanced image”
Text description of the “enhanced image” image.

The image is a satellite infrared map of the United States, depicting cloud cover and weather patterns. The map is primarily shaded in grayscale, representing varying cloud densities, with areas of green and yellow indicating precipitation. There is significant cloud cover along the East Coast, with concentrated areas of green over the southeastern states, suggesting rainfall. The West Coast, particularly Oregon and Washington, also show similar weather activity. The central part of the country has scattered cloud formations. The map includes state boundaries outlined for geographic reference, and a color scale on the left edge indicates temperature gradients.

Credit: Penn State Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

loop of infrared images of the Sahara Desert (0:15)

loop of infrared images of the Sahara Desert
Text description of the loop of infrared images of the Sahara Desert images (0:15)

The image is a satellite view showcasing parts of Europe and North Africa, focusing on the Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy, and the Mediterranean Sea. The colors are muted with areas of land depicted in greenish-brown hues and the sea in dark blue. White clouds are scattered across the image, particularly over northern Europe and extending into the Atlantic Ocean. The curvature of the Earth is evident along the edges, suggesting a wide field of view from a high altitude.

Credit: Eumetsat

infrared image collected at 1131Z on February 25, 2008

Weather map showing Gulf Coast region with weather data overlaid and a highlighted yellow circle centered on Corpus Christi.
infrared image collected at 1131Z on February 25, 2008
Text description of the infrared image collected at 1131Z on February 25, 2008 image.

The image is a satellite weather map showing a portion of the Gulf Coast region, including parts of Texas. A large yellow circle highlights an area centered around Corpus Christi, identified by location codes such as KRK (Corpus Christi), KNIR (Naval Air Station Corpus Christi), and KNGP (Corpus Christi International Airport). The background is a grayscale infrared satellite image depicting cloud coverage. Colored numbers and letter codes are overlaid, representing weather data, such as temperature and wind conditions, for various locations within the circle and beyond. The map has a color scale at the top ranging from black to purple, indicating different levels of data values.

Credit: University of Wisconsin

 

Water Vapor Imagery

atmospheric absorption chart

Graph showing absorptivity of gases CH₄, N₂O, O₂/O₃, CO₂, H₂O, and atmosphere over wavelengths from 0.1 to 30 microns.
atmospheric absorption chart
Text description of the atmospheric absorption chart image.

The image displays a series of overlapping line graphs that illustrate the absorptivity of different gases across various wavelengths, measured in microns. The graph is segmented horizontally, with each section representing a different gas. From top to bottom, the gases are CH₄ (Methane) depicted in pink, N₂O (Nitrous Oxide) in orange, O₂ and O₃ (Oxygen and Ozone) in green, CO₂ (Carbon Dioxide) in red, H₂O (Water) in blue, and the overall atmosphere in black. The x-axis shows the wavelength in microns ranging from 0.1 to 30, and the y-axis represents absorptivity on a scale from 0 to 1. Each colored section shows peaks and troughs indicating varying levels of absorptivity at different wavelengths. For example, CO₂ shows significant absorptivity around 4.3 microns. A red vertical box highlights the range from 5 to 6 microns on the H₂O section.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0(opens in a new window)

surface observation from Corpus Christi at this time

Weather observation report with temperature, wind, and cloud conditions, and a highlighted ceiling at 2500 feet AGL.
surface observation from Corpus Christi at this time
Text description of the surface observation from Corpus Christi at this time image.

The image is a textual weather observation report formatted as a summary. It shows various meteorological conditions with corresponding values. The background is white with a horizontal arrangement of information. Key parameters, such as temperature, dew point, pressure, wind conditions, visibility, and cloud coverage, are listed. Temperature is noted as 9.4°C (49°F), dew point is 6.7°C (44°F), and pressure is 30.37 inches Hg. Wind comes from the SE at 5 MPH. Visibility is over 10 miles, and clouds are overcast at 2500 feet above ground level (AGL). Notably, the ceiling of significant cloud cover is highlighted in red. Present weather indicates no significant observation at the time, and the observation time and date are provided. A coded string appears at the bottom, likely signifying technical weather data.

Transcribed Text:

 

 

Conditions at: KCRP observed 14 January 2003 09:51 UTC Temperature: 9.4°C (49°F) Dewpoint: 6.7°C (44°F) [RH = 83%] Pressure (altimeter): 30.37 inches Hg (1028.5 mb) [Sea-level pressure: 1028.2 mb] Winds: from the SE (140 degrees) at 5 MPH (4 knots; 2.1 m/s) Visibility: 10 or more miles (16+ km) Ceiling: 2500 feet AGL Clouds: overcast cloud deck at 2500 feet AGL Present Weather: no significant weather observed at this time KCRP 140951Z 14004KT 10SM OVC025 09/07 A3037 RMK AO2 SLP282 T00940067

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Credit: NCAR

smoke from an extinguished candle

Colorful smoke rises from an extinguished candle against a black background.
smoke from an extinguished candle
Text description of the smoke from an extinguished candle image.

The image features an extinguished candle emitting vibrant smoke against a stark black background. The candle, positioned on the left, is primarily blue with a red top, suggesting it was recently lit. A delicate column of smoke rises from the wick, curling gracefully in shades of pink and purple, adding a dynamic visual contrast against the dark backdrop. The smoke twists and turns in intricate patterns, with wispy trails extending to the right, creating a sense of movement and fluidity.

Credit: Candle smoke / The Ewan / is licensed under CC BY 2.0 (opens in a new window)

enhanced infrared satellite loop (0:05)

enhanced infrared satellite loop
Text description of the enhanced infrared satellite loop images (0:05)

The image is a satellite map showing weather patterns over the central and eastern United States. It is a grayscale map overlaid with colored areas indicating different temperature levels. The colors range from green to red, with green representing the lowest temperatures and red the highest. A prominent red and orange mass is located in the northern central part of the U.S., indicating a storm or system with high temperatures. Smaller patches of yellow and green are scattered throughout other areas, signifying cooler temperatures and smaller systems. The western part of the map is predominantly gray, indicating calmer weather. A temperature scale is displayed on the left, with values ranging from -20 to 80.

Credit: Penn State Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

corresponding loop of water vapor images (0:05)

corresponding loop of water vapor images
Text description of the corresponding loop of water vapor images images (0:05)

The image is a grayscale satellite weather map showing a section of the United States, including the western and central regions. The map displays various shades of gray representing different cloud densities and weather patterns across the states. The darker areas indicate thicker clouds, while the lighter areas suggest clearer skies or thin cloud cover. The boundaries of the states are outlined in black, and notable states visible include California, Texas, and Colorado. There are varying patterns and textures, with swirling formations indicative of weather fronts or systems.

Credit: Penn State Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

satellite-derived winds

Satellite map showing wind patterns over the Atlantic and parts of America with color-coded arrows and cloud formations.
satellite-derived winds
Text description of the satellite-derived winds image.

The image is a satellite map showing wind patterns over a section of the Earth, likely focusing on the Atlantic Ocean and parts of Central and North America. Various colored arrows in shades of blue, yellow, and green represent wind directions and speeds at different altitudes, categorized by the legend on the top right corner. The background is a grayscale image indicating cloud formations, with distinctive patterns and swirls that likely represent weather systems. The map is overlaid with latitude and longitude lines and outlines of continents in tan. The topographical outlines and data suggest a focus on meteorological analysis.

Credit: University of Wisconsin

 

How Radar Works

image, taken from a WSR-57 radar

Radar screen showing concentric circles and scattered light patches, with a yellow arrow pointing to a feature.
image, taken from a WSR-57 radar
Text description of the taken from a WSR-57 radar image.

The image depicts a radar screen with a dark background. Four concentric circles are displayed, each with increasing diameter. A bright central cluster is surrounded by scattered, smaller patches of light. A single bright line extends from the top edge of the image through the circles. A yellow arrow points to the right side of the image, highlighting specific details within the radar echoes.

Credit: National Weather Service

antenna of a WSR-88D

Interior view of a radome with a large cylindrical mechanical structure under warm lighting.
antenna of a WSR-88D
Text description of the antenna of a WSR-88D image.

The image captures the interior of a radome, focusing on a large, cylindrical, mechanical structure. The structure is predominantly white or light-colored, with distinct mechanical components and panels visible, some of which extend outward. The lighting is warm, casting a yellowish glow on the surfaces. The background shows the smooth, angular walls of the radome, featuring a pattern of geometric panels.

Credit: Calderon, Alex, CC BY 2.0

a dome

Weather radar tower with a spherical white dome on a metal lattice structure against a blue sky.
a dome
Text description of the dome image.

The image features a weather radar tower against a clear blue sky. The structure consists of a spherical white dome perched atop a tall, lattice metal framework. The dome is smooth and has faint polygonal panels, resembling the pattern of a soccer ball. The metallic framework is composed of intersecting beams with a central staircase providing access to the dome. The staircase includes railings and several platforms for maintenance and observation purposes.

Credit: Calderon, Alex, CC BY 2.0

compass bearing

Stylized compass rose with colorful intertwined serpents at the center.
compass bearing
Text description of the compass bearing image.

The image depicts a stylized compass rose set against a beige background. The compass features a prominent black star shape indicating the cardinal directions: North (N), South (S), East (E), and West (W), along with the intercardinal directions: Northeast (NE), Southeast (SE), Southwest (SW), and Northwest (NW). Surrounding the compass, a circular protractor measures angles in increments of 30 degrees, marked distinctly from 0° to 360°. At the center of the compass, there are two colorful, intertwined serpents. One serpent is purple with pink accents, while the other is orange with green accents. The serpents are entwined in a symmetrical pattern around the central black star.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0(opens in a new window)

coverage of NEXRAD radars

Map of NEXRAD radar coverage across the United States below 10,000 feet AGL, with areas in yellow, orange, and blue indicating different elevation coverages.
coverage of NEXRAD radars
Text description of the coverage of NEXRAD radars image.

The image is a map of the United States depicting NEXRAD radar coverage below 10,000 feet AGL (Above Ground Level). It displays radar locations marked by identifiers, each surrounded by overlapping circles of varying colors representing different coverage elevations. There are yellow areas indicating coverage at 4,000 feet, orange at 6,000 feet, and blue at 10,000 feet. The notable geographic features illustrate coverage patterns across the country, with some unevenness due to terrain blockages. A scale is located in the lower left corner, providing measurements in miles. The NOAA logo is at the bottom right.

Credit: National Weather Service

ground clutter

Radar map showing weather activity around Mobile with precipitation patterns in green and yellow against a black background.
ground clutter
Text description of the ground clutter image.

The image is a radar map depicting weather patterns over parts of the southeastern United States. The map highlights several cities, including Mobile, Pensacola, Monroeville, Brewton, and Hattiesburg. The map is mostly black with fine lines indicating state and county borders in green, and red lines indicating major highways. The radar data shows significant weather activity centered around Mobile, with green, yellow, and some patches of blue and purple indicating areas of precipitation intensity. The colors range from green (light precipitation) to yellow (moderate precipitation) and beyond. The coastal outline is visible along the southern edge of the map.

Credit: National Weather Service

 

Interpreting Radar Images

large hail

Large hailstone next to a U.S. quarter on a purple surface.
large hail
Text description of the large hail image.

The image shows a detailed view of a large piece of hail resting on a textured, purple surface. The hailstone is irregularly shaped with a rugged, translucent surface featuring numerous bumps and indentations. Its size is comparable to a nearby U.S. quarter coin placed on the right side for scale. The coin reflects light, appearing shiny against the soft, matte texture of the background.

Credit: National Weather Service

graph showing weather conditions

Weather chart for Islip MacArthur, NY showing temperature and weather symbols over time, with
graph showing weather conditions
Text description of the graph showing weather conditions image.

The image is a weather chart for Islip MacArthur, NY (ISP) displaying temperature and weather conditions over time. It features two main graphs: the top graph shows temperature data with two lines, TMPF in magenta for temperature in Fahrenheit, and DWP in green for dew point in Fahrenheit. The bottom section shows weather symbols and their corresponding times. The chart's x-axis represents time intervals marked at 27/06 and 27/09, while the y-axis presents temperature from 22 to 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Red text with an arrow pointing to a section of the chart is labeled "Heavy Snow" near the 27/06 mark.

Credit: University of Wyoming

07Z reflectivity from the radar at Boston

Radar map showing precipitation around New York City with varying intensities from light green to yellow.
07Z reflectivity from the radar at Boston
Text description of the 07Z reflectivity from the radar at Boston image.

The image shows a radar map of the New York City area and its surroundings, highlighting weather patterns. A circular radar overlay depicts various colors indicating precipitation intensity in decibels (dBZ). The center of the radar is located in Upton, NY. The colors range from light green to dark blue, representing varying precipitation levels, with a section of yellow indicating higher intensity. Geographic markers and state lines are visible, providing context to the areas affected. The map also includes a legend on the right, showing precipitation intensity values ranging from -30 to 80 dBZ.

Credit: National Weather Service

07Z image of reflectivity

Map of NEXRAD radar coverage below 10,000 feet AGL across the continental United States, showing coverage areas in varying colors and radar site codes.
07Z image of reflectivity
Text description of the 07Z image of reflectivity image.

The image is a map illustrating NEXRAD radar coverage across the contiguous United States for altitudes below 10,000 feet above ground level (AGL). The map is color-coded with varying shades to represent different altitudes: light yellow for 4,000 feet, darker yellow for 6,000 feet, and blue for 10,000 feet. Circular coverage areas are outlined in each color, and numerous radar site locations are marked with codes such as KMAX, KGET, and KCLT. Terrain blockage areas, where 50% or more of the beam is blocked, are shown in different shades. A scale at the bottom shows distances up to 750 miles. The NOAA logo is situated in the lower right corner, indicating the map's source.

Credit: NCAR

network of individual radars covering most of the United States

Map showing NEXRAD coverage below 10,000 feet AGL across the U.S. with colored circles indicating different altitudes.
network of individual radars covering most of the United States
Text description of the network of individual radars covering most of the United States image.

The image is a geographical map depicting the coverage of NEXRAD below 10,000 feet above ground level across the United States. The map has overlapping circular coverage areas represented in three colors: pale yellow for 4,000 feet, light orange for 6,000 feet, and light blue for 10,000 feet. Each circle is labeled with a code, likely representing different radar stations. The map includes a key indicating the meaning of the colors and distances, ranging from 0 to 750 miles. The NOAA logo is present in the bottom right corner. The circular coverage areas predominantly cover the contiguous United States with varying degrees of overlap.

Credit: National Weather Service

larger version of the radar mosaic above on the right

Weather map of the U.S. showing rain, snow, and mixed precipitation.
larger version of the radar mosaic above on the right
Text description of the larger version of the radar mosaic above on the right image.

The image is a weather map of the United States showing precipitation areas. It displays rain, mixed precipitation, and snow across various regions. A prominent band of light to heavy snow, depicted in blue, extends from the central part of the country through the Midwest to the Northeast. Rain, shown in green and yellow, is concentrated in the southern and central U.S. states, with a vertical band stretching from Texas up to the Great Lakes region. The mixed precipitation, indicated by pink areas, is less widespread. The map features state boundaries and a scale at the bottom differentiating between rain, mixed, and snow, as well as light and heavy intensities.

Credit: WSI

scanning at angles of elevation as large as 19.5 degrees

A chart with colored lines representing elevation angles from 0.5 to 19.5 degrees, labeled
scanning at angles of elevation as large as 19.5 degrees
Text description of the scanning at angles of elevation as large as 19.5 degrees image.

The image is a line chart displaying different elevation angles with corresponding colored lines. The x-axis represents the "Range (km)" from 0 to 100, while the y-axis indicates "Height ARL (ft)" from 0 to 50000. Each colored line represents a different elevation angle, ranging from 0.5 to 19.5 degrees, shown in a legend at the top. The elevation lines fan out from the bottom left corner, spreading upwards and to the right, toward the top of the chart. These lines are colored blue, light blue, purple, mustard, green, red, dark blue, and orange. The label "VCP 215" is prominently displayed in large, bold text towards the top left of the chart.

Credit: National Weather Service

scanning the entire thunderstorm

3D weather simulation with red and orange storm structures over a multicolored base map labeled with
scanning the entire thunderstorm
Text description of the scanning the entire thunderstorm image.

The image depicts a three-dimensional simulation of weather data, illustrating a storm system with vibrant colors. Central to the image is a towering, complex structure with swirling red and orange hues, suggesting intense activity, possibly representing precipitation or storm cells. The structure extends from a multicolored base map, which includes regions of blue, green, and yellow colors, representing varying intensities on a weather scale, such as rainfall or radar reflectivity. White grid lines create a subtle vertical and horizontal frame that divides the image into sections. The names "Newcastle" and directional indicators "SOUTH" and "EAST" are labeled on the map, providing geographical context. The overall composition conveys dynamic meteorological phenomena.

Credit: Used with permission, Gibson Ridge Software / National Weather Service

 

Doppler and Dual Polarization Radar

traveled in the horizontal dimension

Weather illustration showing snow, hail, and rain in a circular magnified view, connected to a wireframe sphere by a black line.
Doppler and Dual Polarization Radar
Text description of the Doppler and Dual Polarization Radar image.

The image features a stylized representation of weather elements against a backdrop of a lightly clouded blue sky. In the lower-left corner, there is a wireframe sphere with a hexagonal pattern, resembling a soccer ball. A black line originates from this sphere and extends to the right, terminating at an arrow inside a circular magnified area. This magnified area displays three types of precipitation: snow, hail, and rain. Each type is depicted with a symbol and accompanied by a small navy blue line. The snow is illustrated with a snowflake above the line, the hail with a gray cloud-like shape, and a semicircle for the rain. The background consists of soft, blurred clouds.

Credit: National Weather Service

animation showing the simultaneous images of base reflectivity, Doppler velocities, and correlation coefficient

Weather radar map showing intense storm activity with red and orange areas, surrounded by yellow and green zones, overlaying a terrain map.
animation showing the simultaneous images of base reflectivity, Doppler velocities, and correlation coefficient
Text description of the animation showing the simultaneous images of base reflectivity, Doppler velocities, and correlation coefficient image.

The image is a weather radar map displaying storm activity through color-coded reflectivity. The map shows a contrast between areas of intense weather activity and surrounding terrain. In the central area, vivid red and orange hues signify high reflectivity, indicating intense precipitation or storm activity. This region is surrounded by zones of decreasing intensity, represented by yellow and then green, indicating lighter precipitation. Blue and light gray shades on the left signify lower reflectivity readings, possibly indicating lighter rain or drizzle. A detailed map of the underlying terrain and rivers is faintly visible beneath the radar imagery. A legend on the left side of the image represents reflectivity levels in decibels (dBZ), ranging from -15 to 85. The term "Base Reflectivity" is written on the lower right side.

Credit: Used with permission, Gibson Ridge Software / National Weather Service

corresponding area has low values

Meteorological radar map showing Tornado Debris Signature within a colored square mosaic, labeled, with a correlation coefficient scale on the side.
corresponding area has low values
Text description of the corresponding area has low values image.

The image is a meteorological radar map showing a correlation coefficient with a color scale bar on the left ranging from 45% to 100%. The map is filled with a mosaic of colored squares, primarily in shades of red, purple, green, and blue, indicating varying correlation values. A black circle is drawn around a small cluster of high-intensity colors (yellow, green, red, blue) near the center, indicating a "Tornado Debris Signature" as pointed out by an adjoining label and arrow. The background includes a map of terrain features, such as rivers and fields, particularly visible in the lower right quadrant. The label "Correlation Coefficient" is placed near the bottom of the map.

Credit: Used with permission, Gibson Ridge Software / National Weather Service

“precipitation type” radar reflectivity images

Weather map showing rain and snow in the Pacific Northwest as of October 18, 2017.
“precipitation type” radar reflectivity images
Text description of the “precipitation type” radar reflectivity images image.

The image is a weather map of the northwestern United States, showing precipitation patterns. There is a large green mass indicating rain over the Pacific Northwest, including Washington and parts of Oregon. The green hues are contrasted with areas of white and pink towards the northern region, suggesting snow. The map shows state boundaries but no city labels. The northwest coast is outlined by the Pacific Ocean.

Credit: Penn State Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science

 

Summary: Satellite and Radar Imagery