METEO 3 Lesson 2 Images

Lesson 2: The Global Ledger of Heat Energy

 

Shedding Light on the Electromagnetic Spectrum

 

The Four Laws of Radiation

infrared waves

The Sun showing orange textures and dark sunspots..
infrared waves
Text description of the infrared waves image.

The image depicts a spherical view of the Sun created using infrared wavelengths, colored predominantly in shades of orange and black. The surface displays a textured pattern, resembling turbulent swirls and patches, indicative of solar activity. Dark sunspots are scattered across the surface, concentrated more heavily in certain regions, contrasting with the bright fiery orange hue of the surrounding areas. Fine lines and cracks appear sporadically on the surface, capturing the dynamic nature of solar phenomena. The vivid colors and patterns highlight the intense heat and energy radiating from the Sun.

Credit: NASA/JPL

X-rays

Ultraviolet image of the sun showing swirling patterns and bright spots indicating solar activity..
X-rays
Text description of the X-rays image.

Ultraviolet image of the sun showing swirling patterns and bright spots indicating solar activity.

Credit: NASA/JPL

Check out this steel bar

A glowing hot metal bar on an anvil..
Check out this steel bar
Text description of the Check out this steel bar image.

The image shows a metal bar that is glowing with a gradient of colors from bright orange to lighter pink, indicative of heat, placed on an anvil. The anvil has a rectangular hole and has a surface that is metallic and slightly reflective. The background consists of a rough, earthen texture, contrasting with the smooth surface of the heated metal and anvil. There is a strip of blue paint along the edge of the anvil, which is chipped and weathered, revealing the metal beneath.

Credit: flickr.com / Caroline / CC 2.0 BY-NC-SA

 

The Roads Traveled Most By Radiation

cue the obligatory storm photo

Towering dark cloud with bright sun peeking through, above green fields and distant hills..
cue the obligatory storm photo
Text description of the cue the obligatory storm photo image.

The image captures a vast landscape dominated by dramatic cloud formations. On the right side, a large, dark, towering cloud looms, its contours sharply defined against the brighter sky. The cloud tapers downward, gradually blending into softer, billowy white clouds on the left. The sun shines brightly in the top left corner, partially obscured by the clouds, casting light rays and creating a subtle lens flare effect. Below, a gently sloping green field extends across the bottom of the image, with undulating hills in the distance, providing a serene contrast to the dynamic sky above.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (opens in a new window)

 

Creating an Energy Budget: Part I

side-by-side photos of a flashlight shining on a wall at different angles

Two flashlights shining beams on different surfaces; one smooth and dark, the other textured..
side-by-side photos of a flashlight shining on a wall at different angles
Text description of the side-by-side photos of a flashlight shining on a wall at different angles image.

The image is divided vertically into two sections, each showing the beam of a flashlight directed onto a surface. On the left, the flashlight beam is cast on a smooth, dark background, creating a circular, bright white light with a soft gradient edge. The flashlight, cylindrical in shape with a textured grip, is partially visible at the bottom center, being held in a hand. On the right, the flashlight beam illuminates a wall, creating a wider pattern that is not as bright as the one on the left. The texture of the surface is visible within the light, showing a granular appearance.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (opens in a new window)

similar plots for downwelling solar on December 11, 2011 and June 2, 2011

Line graph showing solar radiation on June 2 and December 11, 2011, with peaks at 1000 and 600 watts/m², respectively..
similar plots for downwelling solar on December 11, 2011 and June 2, 2011
Text description of the similar plots for downwelling solar image.

The image is a line graph depicting downwelling solar radiation measured in watts per square meter over hours of the day in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). The x-axis represents the time of day, from 0000 to 2400 hours. The y-axis represents the solar radiation intensity, ranging from -100 to 1100 watts per square meter. Two lines are shown: a dark blue line representing June 2, 2011, and a light blue line representing December 11, 2011. The dark blue line forms a broad and steep curve, peaking at around 1000 watts per square meter near 1700 hours. The light blue line forms a narrower and lower curve, peaking at around 600 watts per square meter near the same time. A legend at the bottom indicates the date corresponding to each line.

Credit: Earth System Research Laboratory

downwelling solar plot for March 18, 2012

Line graph of downwelling solar radiation at Penn State on March 18, 2012, showing solar intensity peaking over 800 Watts/m² in the afternoon..
downwelling solar plot for March 18, 2012
Text description of the downwelling solar plot for March 18, 2012 image.

The image is a line graph showing downwelling solar radiation data at Penn State, Pennsylvania, United States, for March 18, 2012. The x-axis represents the hour of the day in UTC, ranging from 0 to 24. The y-axis represents solar radiation in Watts per square meter, ranging from -200 to 1000. The graph contains a red line indicating radiation levels throughout the day. Radiation begins to rise around 11 UTC, peaking at over 800 Watts/m² between 1 pm and 3 pm, before decreasing. Fluctuations in the line suggest variable cloud cover. The graph includes a legend in the top left corner showing a red line labeled "Downwelling Solar." The NOAA logo appears in the bottom left corner. The image background includes gridlines for reference.

Credit: Earth System Research Laboratory

very cloudy day

Graph showing downwelling solar radiation at Penn State, March 1, 2012. Peaks at 16 UTC..
very cloudy day
Text description of the very cloudy day image.

The image is a line graph depicting the downwelling solar radiation data from Penn State, Pennsylvania, on March 1, 2012. The graph is plotted with time on the horizontal axis, ranging from 0 to 24 hours UTC, and solar radiation intensity on the vertical axis, ranging from -50 to 300 Watts per square meter. A red line represents the downwelling solar radiation throughout the day. The line remains near zero during nighttime hours and begins rising steeply after 12 UTC, peaking sharply around 17 UTC, below 300 Watts per square meter. After the peak, the intensity continues a gradual and jagged decline until it levels back to zero. A legend at the top left corner indicates the red line represents "Downwelling Solar." The NOAA logo is faintly visible at the lower left corner. 

Credit: Earth System Research Laboratory

plot on March 12, 2012

Graph of downwelling solar and infrared radiation at Penn State on March 12, 2012, with solar peaking at midday..
plot on March 12, 2012
Text description of the plot on March 12, 2012 image.

The image is a line graph illustrating the downwelling solar and infrared radiation at Penn State, Pennsylvania, United States, on March 12, 2012. The x-axis represents the hour of the day in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) from 0 to 24, with Local Standard Time (LST) indicated above in smaller text, ranging from 7 pm to 7 pm. The y-axis shows the radiation in watts per square meter, ranging from 0 to 800. A blue line represents the downwelling infrared, gradually increasing from around 250 watts/m² early in the day to near 400 Watts per square meter. A red line illustrates the downwelling solar radiation, starting at zero, peaking midday around 900 Watts/m², and returning to zero by evening. A NOAA logo appears in the bottom left corner.

Credit: Earth System Research Laboratory

plot from March 10, 2012

Graph showing downwelling solar (red line) and infrared (blue line) radiation at Penn State on March 10, 2012..
plot from March 10, 2012
Text description of the plot from March 10, 2012 image.

The image is a graph depicting downwelling solar and downwelling infrared radiation measured at Penn State, Pennsylvania, United States on March 10, 2012. The x-axis represents the hour of the day in UTC time, ranging from 0 to 24 hours, while the y-axis shows the radiation in Watts per square meter, ranging from 0 to 900. A red line represents downwelling solar radiation, which starts rising around 12 UTC, peaks above 800 Watts/m² in the afternoon, and then declines, reaching zero by 24 hours. A blue line represents downwelling infrared radiation, maintaining a nearly constant level around 200 Watts/m² during the daytime, but shows jagged increases during the night, due to clouds. A legend on the left side identifies each line with corresponding colors.

Credit: Earth System Research Laboatory

 

Creating an Energy Budget: Part II

 

The "Greenhouse Effect," and Global Warming

graphs we were using for our energy budgets

Graph showing radiation data from Penn State on March 11, 2012, with lines for downwelling solar, downwelling infrared, and upwelling infrared..
graphs we were using for our energy budgets
Text description of the graphs we were using for our energy budgets image.

The image is a line graph showing radiation data collected at Penn State, Pennsylvania, United States, on March 11, 2012. The x-axis represents the hour of the day in UTC, ranging from 0 to 24, while the y-axis indicates radiation in watts per square meter, ranging from -100 to 800. There are three lines depicted in the graph with different colors: red for downwelling solar, blue for downwelling infrared, and green for upwelling infrared. The red line forms a bell-shaped curve, peaking around 700 watts/m² at approximately 1pm. The blue and green lines have much less variation, with the green line having a daytime increase to just above 400 watts/m². A legend in the top left identifies the colors of the lines. The graph's top left displays the location, date, and the measurement unit. 

Credit: Earth System Research Laboratory

 

Energy Transfer: Conduction

 

Energy Transfer: Convection

large burners

Flames burst from a hot air balloon burner, illuminating the colorful panels of the balloon's envelope..
large burners
Text description of the large burners image.

The image captures the burner of a hot air balloon in action from a low angle. The main focus is on the vibrant flames shooting upwards, illuminating the checkerboard pattern of the balloon's colorful envelope. The panels alternate in colors including yellow, green, orange, and purple, forming a vivid canopy. Below the flame, the burner system is visible, consisting of metal components and control wires. The lower part of the image shows part of a person's head from behind, and sections of the balloon's basket with ropes and poles.

cumulonimbus

A large cumulonimbus cloud with an anvil shape over a landscape with trees and a blue sky..
cumulonimbus
Text description of the cumulonimbus image.

The image shows a large, striking cloud formation known as a cumulonimbus cloud, dominating the sky. The cloud has a distinct, flattened anvil shape with a wide, bright, and fluffy top that is illuminated by sunlight. The base of the cloud is darker, suggesting density and moisture. Beneath the cloud, a flat landscape stretches across the foreground, with shadows indicating the sun is low in the sky, likely during sunset or sunrise. Dark silhouettes of trees border the horizon, adding depth to the scene against the vibrant blue sky.

Credit: Jan Null

turbulent eddies

Diagram showing wind speed increasing with height and the presence of turbulent eddies near the ground..
turbulent eddies
Text description of the turbulent eddies image.

The image illustrates the concept of wind speed increasing with height above the ground. It features a gradient sky background transitioning from light blue at the top to a darker shade at the bottom, behind several elements that demonstrate airflow. At the top left, three white horizontal arrows of increasing length indicate the increase in wind speed with altitude. Below these arrows, red semi-circular arrows form circular patterns that represent "Turbulent Eddies," suggesting swirling air movement near the surface. At the bottom is a green horizontal strip symbolizing the ground.

Credit: David Babb @ Penn State is licensed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (opens in a new window)

 

Clouds Do Not "Act Like Blankets"