Lesson 1 Images

The image illustrates temperature advection, showing how wind interacts with temperature gradients. The background is a gradient from blue at the top, labeled "Cold," to red at the bottom, labeled "Warm." Two large, green arrows labeled "Wind" are present. The left arrow points upward, illustrating warm air advection, while the right arrow points downward, representing cold air advection. Red dashed lines horizontally cross the image, intersected by a bold vertical black line in the center. There are two text boxes, one at the top right and another at the bottom left, explaining cold and warm air advection, respectively.

Transcribed Text:

"Warm air advection: Wind blowing from higher temperatures to lower temperatures."

"Cold air advection: Wind blowing from lower temperatures to higher temperatures."

The image depicts a section of Earth's globe focusing on North and Central America, illustrating the concept of heat transfer between various latitudes. A large arrow labeled "Net Radiation Deficit" points upward away from the polar region into space. Red arrows labeled "Atmospheric Transport" and orange arrows labeled "Oceanic Transport" curve from the equator toward the poles, indicating the direction of heat transfer. In the lower right corner, a yellow arrow labeled "Net Radiation Surplus" points toward the equatorial regions.  A text block in yellow describes the process of meridional heat transfer due to heat gain in the tropics and loss at the poles.

Transcribed Text:

"As a result of net heat gain in the tropics and net heat loss at the poles, there is a meridional transfer of heat by the atmosphere and oceans from low to high latitudes".

The image is a map displaying sea surface temperatures in the waters surrounding North America. The temperature gradient is represented by a vibrant color spectrum, with cooler areas in shades of blue and green and warmer areas in yellow, orange, and red. The Gulf Stream is highlighted with an arrow, indicating the path of relatively warm water from eastern Florida north and east up the Atlantic coast. North America and the Caribbean islands are shaded in black. The temperature legend at the bottom ranges from -1.2°C in purple-pink to 31.7°C in red. The top section of the map includes metadata details such as the date range and the map's title.

The image is a map of the western part of South America and the eastern Pacific Ocean, depicting the geographic location of various countries and islands. Land areas are highlighted in bright green against a blue ocean background. The Caribbean Sea is labeled at the top.  A dashed yellow line extends horizontally across the ocean marking the equator. A red square drawn in the Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Galapagos Islands and west of the South American coast, points to an inset image depicting a buoy floating in the water. The buoy is white and red with a metal framework on top.

The image is a global weather map displaying cloud patterns overlaid on a rectangular grid. The map highlights the area between 30 degrees North (30N) and 30 degrees South (30S) with dashed yellow lines indicating these latitudinal boundaries. A series of red arrows curve across the map showing sconvergence at the equator. The cloud cover is depicted in shades of white and gray, with landmasses visible in dull browns and greens. A grid overlays the entire map, with each square labeled at the intersection of longitude and latitude lines.

The image is a wind rose plot depicting wind speed and direction data for Grand Rapids/Kent County International Airport, MI. The plot shows concentric circles with directional labels "NORTH," "EAST," "SOUTH," and "WEST." Color-coded bars extend from the center, indicating wind direction frequency and speed. Red, blue, yellow, green, and cyan colors represent different wind speed ranges, with red and blue being the most prominent. Percentages are marked along the radial lines, indicating the wind's frequency from those directions. An accompanying legend defines the color codes for wind speeds ranging from 0.51 to over 11.06 m/s. Below the plot is a table with metadata, including modeler, date, company name, display, unit, and average wind speed.

The image is a graph titled "Nauru Pressure Trace," showing atmospheric pressure changes over time. The horizontal axis is labeled "Date/Time (Local)" and spans from April 18 to April 21. The vertical axis is labeled "Pressure (mb)," ranging from 1005 to 1013 millibars. Pressure data is represented by a red jagged line, indicating fluctuations over the given dates. The background features alternating vertical bands of light blue and black, with light blue indicating day and black indicating night. Yellow sun icons represent daytime, while black semicircles indicating the moon appear during nighttime. The red pressure line is at a local minimum during the daytime and local maximum during each nighttime.

The image is a line graph titled "Nauru Pressure Trace," illustrating atmospheric pressure changes over time. The x-axis represents the date and time, marked as "Date/Time (Local)" with labels from 4/19 to 4/21. The y-axis is labeled "Pressure (mb)" with values ranging from 1005 to 1013. A red line traces the pressure changes, showing distinct peaks and troughs. At two peaks, there are annotations in purple—"2 mb" and "1 mb"—with upward arrows. A dashed green line runs horizontally, indicating a reference level. Below the line graph, a blue text explains, "Amplitude is the distance from the mid-point of the wave to the crest/trough."

The image is a diagram illustrating atmospheric layers in relation to temperature and height. The background is a gradient ranging from green at the top, indicating the ozone layer in the stratosphere, to blue at the bottom, representing the troposphere. A red curved line represents the temperature change, starting at 15°C at the Earth's surface, dropping to -50°C at the tropopause, and rising back to 0°C in the stratosphere. The height is marked on the left with labels at 10 km and 50 km. The "Ozone Layer" is labeled in yellow within the stratosphere, while clouds are depicted in the lower troposphere. The text labels “Stratosphere” and “Troposphere” denote atmospheric layers, with a dashed line marking the "Tropopause" boundary.

The image is a global map depicting the historical tropical cyclone tracks over a 30-year period. It is a planview of the globe featuring all continents and oceans. Each tropical cyclone track is marked by a track line, with many clustered in the western Pacific, eastern Pacific, and north Atlantic. Parts of the southern Pacific and southern Indian Oceans also feature clusters. Notably, the southern eastern pacific and western Atlantic oceans have very few tropical cyclone tracks.

The image is divided into two sections. On the left, there is a close-up photo of a wind anemometer mounted on a red pole against a light blue sky. The anemometer has several small cups that are visibly spinning, indicating movement. On the right side of the image, there is a block of text. The background is white, and the text is in black and green font.

Transcribed Text:

Measuring Sustained Wind Speed...

As you learned in Meteo 101, meteorologists in the United States use a one-minute average to determine any sustained wind speed. The World Meteorology Organization is a proponent of a ten-minute average. As a result, complications can sometimes arise whenever statistics from different regions are compared. Having pointed out this "inside baseball", I assure you that such nuances will not play a role in your learning success in Meteo 241.

The image depicts a transparent blue cube in the center. Above the cube is a large red arrow pointing upward labeled "Pressure Gradient Force," while below the cube is a large purple arrow pointing downward labeled "Gravity." The cube is slightly translucent, allowing the arrows to be visible through it.

The image is a black and white satellite view of hurricane Wilma. At the center is a distinct pinhole eye, with a clear circular eye surrounded by dense clouds spiraling outward. The clouds appear thick and textured, giving the impression of motion around the eye and significant heights with the clouds. 

The image is a Skew-T Log-P diagram, a meteorological graph used to plot temperature and dew point against atmospheric pressure. The chart has a grid with diagonal and horizontal lines. The x-axis represents temperature in degrees Celsius, ranging from 5 to 45, while the y-axis denotes pressure in millibars, ranging from 1050 to 400. Two lines traverse the chart: a green line for dew point and a red line for temperature. The title "Jimena" is at the top left, with the time and date "2058 UTC 23 SEP 1991" and location coordinates "13.4 N 109.5 W" in the top right corner.

The image features two diagrams depicting models of cyclogenesis: (a) the Norwegian Model and (b) the Shapiro–Keyser Model. Both illustrations present a sequence of four stages, labeled I to IV, showing the evolution of cyclones. Each stage is characterized by curved lines representing front structures and isobars. The lower part of each diagram includes additional schematic views of isobars. Each model features four stages where the earliest stage shows the development process of a low pressure system, and the ending stages show a strong low that has occluded.

The image is a weather map illustrating the forecasted path of Hurricane Erin produced by the National Hurricane Center. The map covers a section of the Atlantic Ocean, displaying the U.S. East Coast and parts of the Caribbean. A conical path shows the forecast of the storm from Friday at 11 AM to the following Wednesday at 8 AM. Each circle is marked with a time label and a designation letter (H for hurricane, M for major hurricane). The storm's potential path is shown as a white cone extending across the Atlantic Ocean. The background grid provides latitude and longitude lines for reference. The map's color scheme covers land areas in gray and water areas in blue. The logos of the National Weather Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are present in the top corners. Below the map, there are details of the storm's specifics and a legend, indicating different watch and warning designations.

The image is a map depicting the projected path of Hurricane Erin as of 5 AM on August 22, 2025. The map covers portions of the North Atlantic Ocean, with visible regions including the eastern coast of North America, Greenland, and part of Europe. The map is marked with latitude and longitude lines, with landmasses depicted in gray. The trajectory of Hurricane Erin is shown as a white cone indicating the potential track, along with specific forecast center positions marked by dots. The path is labeled with times and dates, showing movement from 5 AM Friday to 2 AM Wednesday. Various symbols indicate strength, particularly "H" for a hurricane and "S" for a tropical storm.

The image is a map highlighting Luzon, an island in the Philippines. The map covers parts of Southeast Asia, including countries such as China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Luzon is marked in red with a purple label and arrow pointing to its location within the Philippine archipelago. The map has a blue background representing the ocean, while landmasses are depicted in green and yellow. Major bodies of water like the South China Sea and Philippine Sea are labeled, along with several other islands and regions.

The image is a line chart displaying 48-hour track errors for "early" guidance of all Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones from 1994 to 2024. The x-axis represents the years, while the y-axis represents the forecast error in nautical miles, ranging from 0 to 400. Two lines are plotted: a solid black line and a dotted black line. Various colored and shaped markers represent different models, as indicated by the legend on the right. A general trend line is shown and highlights how forecast errors have generally improved over the last 30 years.

The image consists of four panels with graphs. The two graphs on the left show ECWMF ensemble forecasts for maximum sustained winds (top) and minimum sea-level pressure (bottom). The two graphs on the right show Google DeepMind forecasts for the same variables for comparison. Overall, the vast majority of all ensemble members underestimated Sinlaku's maximum sustained winds and underestimated minimum central pressure (the storm got more intense than most members showed). 

The image is a composite of four weather maps, each illustrating different meteorological data. The top left map features various colored contours depicting mean wind speed at 850-250mb levels along with 500-mb heights. High and low-pressure systems are marked with "H" and "L." The top right map points out Hurricane Igor, showing pressure lines with color-filled regions indicating 925-mb relative vorticity. The bottom left map illustrates zones of strong wind shear with bold colors ranging from blue to red. Text over this map reads: “Swaths of strong wind shear associated with the storm's circulation.” The bottom right map shows areas with different patterns and colors indicating sea surface temperatures and 700-500-mb mean relative humidity, where green shows higher values and orange-red depicts lower values.

The image displays a composite of four different weather maps, each providing specific meteorological data. The top left map features various colored contours depicting mean wind speed at 850-250mb levels along with 500-mb heights. The top right map is focused on Hurricane Igor, showing pressure lines with color-filled regions indicating 925-mb relative vorticity. The bottom-left map illustrates wind shear, using a gradient from blue to red to demonstrate varying shear levels. The bottom-right map presents relative humidity, featuring green and brown shaded areas indicating different humidity levels, alongside text annotation describing conditions around Hurricane Igor. The text reads "Pocket of high relative humidity created by updrafts in showers and thunderstorms around the center of Huricane Igor."

The image is an infrared satellite view of a large section the western Pacific Ocean, with many southeast Asian countries visible. A prominent typhoon is visible on satellite imagery just to the east of the central Marianas islands. Areas of general convection is seen east of Indonesia, with latitude and longitude lines also visible. The image is in black and white, providing a clear contrast between the land, sea, and storm systems. The date and time stamp at the top left corner reads "1845 UTC Tue 04 Mar 2014" with the label "IR Satellite" at the top right.

The image is a line graph showing the NHC Official Annual Average Track Errors for Atlantic Basin Tropical Storms and Hurricanes from 1970 to 2015. The x-axis represents the years, ranging from 1970 to 2015, while the y-axis represents the forecast error in nautical miles, ranging from 0 to 700. The graph includes five colored lines, each representing a different forecast period: 24 hours (red), 48 hours (green), 72 hours (orange), 96 hours (gold), and 120 hours (blue). The lines generally show a downward trend indicating improvements in forecast accuracy over time. Dotted lines are used to indicate the trend for each forecast period. A legend in the upper right-hand corner identifies the colors associated with each time period.

The image is a line graph titled "NHC Official Intensity Error Trend Atlantic Basin." It displays the forecast error in knots (kt) on the y-axis and the year, ranging from 1990 to 2016, on the x-axis. The graph features four colored lines representing different forecast time intervals: red for 24 hours, green for 48 hours, yellow for 72 hours, and blue for 120 hours. Each line is accompanied by a dotted trend line in a matching color. The red line (24 hours) remains relatively flat, indicating minimal improvement in intensity error over time. The other lines demonstrate a more clear improvement over time. A legend in the upper right corner clarifies the color-coding. The background is a pale blue, and grid lines help track values on the graph.

The image is a weather map showing the projected path and wind speed probabilities of Hurricane Irma over a five-day period. The map covers parts of the southeastern United States, including Florida, and parts of the Caribbean. The path is represented by a series of colored areas indicating different probabilities of hurricane-force winds. The probabilities range from 5% to over 90%, depicted by colors from dark green to dark purple. The highest probability area is near the hurricane's center, marked by a white circle. Major geographical markers such as the Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico are labeled. The map includes a legend explaining the color coding of the probability percentages.

The image is a meteorological map showing the projected arrival times of tropical-storm-force winds from Hurricane Irma along the southeastern United States and the Caribbean. The map indicates regions across Florida, the Bahamas, and parts of the southeastern U.S., along with a portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Bold black lines with times indicate when the storm winds are expected to arrive, ranging from Thursday to Monday. The timing intervals are marked as "Thu 8 am" through "Mon 8 pm." The map uses shades of gray and blue to distinguish land and water. The top of the map contains the title in red, "Most Likely Arrival Time of Tropical-Storm-Force Winds." The bottom left corner provides specific details about the hurricane and the advisory.

The image is a map from the NOAA showing the earliest reasonable arrival times of tropical-storm-force winds from Hurricane Irma. The map covers parts of the southeastern United States, including Florida and Georgia, as well as areas in the Caribbean, such as Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. The map displays several arcs indicating projected arrival times for winds, starting on Thursday at 8 AM AST near Puerto Rico and advancing northward through the weekend. The lines are labeled with times and days, such as "Thu 8 am," "Fri 8 pm," "Sat 8 am," and so forth, moving up the map. The background of the map is a light blue, representing the ocean, with the land masses in light gray. The map includes longitude and latitude lines with labels and is bordered by a thin black line. The NOAA logo is visible in the top corners of the map.