Lesson 1 Images

The image is a global map displaying interpolated Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) data from NOAA overlaid with colorful contours indicating varying radiation levels. Colors range from dark purple to red, representing varying OLR values, with dark purple indicating higher values and red indicating lower values. The continents are outlined in black, providing geographic context, and the map covers from 90°N to 90°S latitude and 0° to 360° longitude. In the equatorial regions, purple and blue colors dominate, indicating higher radiation values, while yellow and red appear in higher latitudes, indicating lower values. There is a color scale bar at the bottom ranging from 280 to 140 with colors transitioning from purple to blue to green to yellow to red.

The image is a color-coded world map showing surface air temperature. It displays a Mercator projection with latitude and longitude markings. The map covers the globe from 90°N to 90°S. Different temperatures are shown in vibrant colors, ranging from purple for cooler regions near the poles to red and orange for warmer areas closer to the equator. Notably, there is a concentration of higher temperatures in the central Pacific and around Australia. The map includes a legend at the bottom displaying temperature values in Kelvin, ranging from 250 to 310. The map is titled "NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis" with a subheading noting the "NOAA/ESRL Physical Sciences Division."

The image is a world map illustrating mean temperatures across different latitudes and longitudes, using a color gradient. Various colors represent temperature differences, with purple and blue indicating cooler regions and orange and red representing warmer areas. The continents are outlined in black. The equator shows regions in red and orange, indicating higher temperatures, while the areas toward the poles appear in darker purples and blues, signifying colder air. A color bar at the bottom indicates the temperature scale, ranging from -35 to -5 degrees Celsius.

The image illustrates temperature advection, showing how wind interacts with temperature gradients. The background is a gradient from blue at the top, labeled "Cold," to red at the bottom, labeled "Warm." Two large, green arrows labeled "Wind" are present. The left arrow points upward, illustrating warm air advection, while the right arrow points downward, representing cold air advection. Red dashed lines horizontally cross the image, intersected by a bold vertical black line in the center. There are two text boxes, one at the top right and another at the bottom left, explaining cold and warm air advection, respectively.

The image depicts a section of Earth's globe focusing on North and Central America, illustrating the concept of heat transfer between various latitudes. A large arrow labeled "Net Radiation Deficit" points upward away from the polar region. Red arrows labeled "Atmospheric Transport" and orange arrows labeled "Oceanic Transport" curve from the equator toward the poles, indicating the direction of heat transfer. In the lower right corner, a yellow arrow labeled "Net Radiation Surplus" points toward the globe. The background is black, enhancing the visibility of the arrows and labels. A text block in yellow describes the process of meridional heat transfer due to heat gain in the tropics and loss at the poles.

The image is a map displaying sea surface temperatures in the waters surrounding North America. The temperature gradient is represented by a vibrant color spectrum, with cooler areas in shades of blue and green and warmer areas in yellow, orange, and red. The Gulf Stream is highlighted with an arrow, indicating its path along the eastern coast of the United States, moving from the Gulf of Mexico towards the North Atlantic Ocean. This path is marked over a dark, almost black silhouette of the continent. The temperature legend at the bottom ranges from -1.2°C in purplish-pink to 31.7°C in dark red. The top section of the map includes metadata details such as the date range and the map's title.

The image is a black and white satellite view of Earth, showcasing a large portion of the Western Hemisphere. The central focus is on a swirling cloud mass over the North Atlantic Ocean, highlighted by a yellow circle and labeled "Irene" in yellow text, indicating Hurricane Irene. The northern part of the image features North America, while South America is visible towards the bottom. The oceans and cloud formations are distinctly marked, and the continents have a dark tone, providing stark contrast with the white clouds.

The image shows a map of the United States detailing weather patterns using colors, lines, and symbols to represent temperature, wind, and pressure. The map is covered in various shades from blue to yellow indicating temperature gradients, with blues depicting colder areas in the north and greens to yellows showing warmer regions in the south. White lines, known as isotherms, extend across the map, representing areas of equal temperature. Wind flow is illustrated with wind barbs, showing the direction and movement across the country. The map also highlights pressure centers with symbols, such as a red "L" marked with "1006," indicating a low-pressure center in the southwest U.S., and a blue "H" with "1035" in the northern central area. The geographic boundaries of the states are outlined in thin black lines for reference.

The image is a world map displaying global temperatures using a color gradient. The map is centered on the equator and framed by latitudinal and longitudinal lines. Bright, varying colors from purple to red represent different temperature ranges, with purples indicating colder and reds indicating warmer temperatures. Continents are outlined in black with prominent visibility. A scale at the bottom identifies temperature ranges from -35 to -5 degrees Celsius. The map includes specific lines for the equator, 30°N, and 30°S among others. 

The image is a world map with overlaid color bands representing 500mb geopotential heights in decameters. The continents are outlined in black on the map, with grid lines intersecting at regular intervals. The color gradient ranges from purple at the bottom of the scale to red at the top, indicating increasing geopotential height values from 510 to 580 decameters. The legend is located below the map, outlining the colors corresponding to specific height ranges. High, uniform values are located over the tropics, while increasingly low values occur over higher latitudes, with the largest gradient occurring over the mid-latitudes.

The image is a map of the western part of South America and the eastern Pacific Ocean, depicting the geographic location of various countries and islands. Land areas are highlighted in bright green against a blue ocean background. The Caribbean Sea is labeled at the top. Countries such as Mexico, Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, and Peru are identified, with notable cities like Caracas, Quito, Lima, and Santiago marked. A dashed yellow line extends horizontally across the ocean, dividing the map. A red square in the Pacific Ocean, southwest of the Galapagos Islands and west of the South American coast, points to an inset image depicting a buoy floating in the water. The buoy is white and red with a metal framework on top. The Galapagos Islands, located close to the Equator, are specifically labeled.

The image is a global weather map displaying cloud patterns overlaid on a rectangular grid. The map highlights the area between 30 degrees North (30N) and 30 degrees South (30S) with dashed yellow lines indicating these latitudinal boundaries. A series of red arrows curve across the map from east to west, indicating the direction of wind patterns. The cloud cover is depicted in shades of white and gray, with landmasses visible in dull browns and greens. A grid overlays the entire map, with each square labeled at the intersection of longitude and latitude lines.

The image is a wind rose plot depicting wind speed and direction data for Grand Rapids/Kent County International Airport, MI. The plot shows concentric circles with directional labels "NORTH," "EAST," "SOUTH," and "WEST." Color-coded bars extend from the center, indicating wind direction frequency and speed. Red, blue, yellow, green, and cyan colors represent different wind speed ranges, with red and blue being the most prominent. Percentages are marked along the radial lines, indicating the wind's frequency from those directions. An accompanying legend defines the color codes for wind speeds ranging from 0.51 to over 11.06 m/s. Below the plot is a table with metadata, including modeler, date, company name, display, unit, and average wind speed.

The image is a graph titled "Nauru Pressure Trace," showing atmospheric pressure changes over time. The horizontal axis is labeled "Date/Time (Local)" and spans from April 18 to April 21. The vertical axis is labeled "Pressure (mb)," ranging from 1005 to 1013 millibars. Pressure data is represented by a red jagged line, indicating fluctuations over the given dates. The background features alternating vertical bands of light blue and black, with light blue indicating day and black indicating night. Yellow sun icons represent daytime, while black semicircles indicating the moon appear during nighttime.

The image is a line graph titled "Nauru Pressure Trace," illustrating atmospheric pressure changes over time. The x-axis represents the date and time, marked as "Date/Time (Local)" with labels from 4/19 to 4/21. The y-axis is labeled "Pressure (mb)" with values ranging from 1005 to 1013. A red line traces the pressure changes, showing distinct peaks and troughs. At two peaks, there are annotations in purple—"2 mb" and "1 mb"—with upward arrows. A dashed green line runs horizontally, indicating a reference level. Below the line graph, a blue text explains, "Amplitude is the distance from the mid-point of the wave to the crest/trough."

The image is a diagram illustrating atmospheric layers in relation to temperature and height. The background is a gradient ranging from green at the top, indicating the ozone layer in the stratosphere, to blue at the bottom, representing the troposphere. A red curved line represents the temperature change, starting at 15°C at the Earth's surface, dropping to -50°C at the tropopause, and rising back to 0°C in the stratosphere. The height is marked on the left with labels at 10 km and 50 km. The "Ozone Layer" is labeled in yellow within the stratosphere, while clouds are depicted in the lower troposphere. The text labels “Stratosphere” and “Troposphere” denote atmospheric layers, with a dashed line marking the "Tropopause" boundary.

The image is a global map depicting the frequency of tropical cyclones. It features recognizable continents such as North America, parts of South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia, represented in light tan, which contrasts with the blue and multicolored areas over parts of the oceans. The map is marked with a grid showing latitude and longitude lines. Tropical cyclone frequencies are depicted in varying colors, from dark blue to dark red, indicating different magnitudes or frequencies. Dark red and black areas suggest high higher frequencies, while blue areas indicate lower values. At the bottom, a color scale legend provides a range from 0.01 to 0.55, with colors transitioning from blue (low) to red (high).

The image is divided into two sections. On the left, there is a close-up photo of a wind anemometer mounted on a red pole against a light blue sky. The anemometer has several small cups that are visibly spinning, indicating movement. On the right side of the image, there is a block of text. The background is white, and the text is in black and green font.

Transcribed Text:

Measuring Sustained Wind Speed...

As you learned in Meteo 101, meteorologists in the United States use a one-minute average to determine any sustained wind speed. The World Meteorology Organization is a proponent of a ten-minute average. As a result, complications can sometimes arise whenever statistics from different regions are compared. Having pointed out this "inside baseball", I assure you that such nuances will not play a role in your learning success in Meteo 241.

The image depicts a transparent blue cube in the center. Above the cube is a large red arrow pointing upward labeled "Pressure Gradient Force," while below the cube is a large purple arrow pointing downward labeled "Gravity." The cube is slightly translucent, allowing the arrows to be visible through it.

The image is a black and white satellite view of a hurricane. At the center is a distinct eye, a clear circular area surrounded by dense cloud formations spiraling outward. The clouds appear thick and textured, giving the impression of motion around the eye. The top left corner shows a portion of land partially covered by the storm's outer bands. The image emphasizes the structured and symmetrical nature of the hurricane, with its tightly formed core and expansive cloud cover.

The image is a Skew-T Log-P diagram, a meteorological graph used to plot temperature and dew point against atmospheric pressure. The chart has a grid with diagonal and horizontal lines. The x-axis represents temperature in degrees Celsius, ranging from 5 to 45, while the y-axis denotes pressure in millibars, ranging from 1050 to 400. Two lines traverse the chart: a green line for dew point and a red line for temperature. These lines wiggle from the bottom to the top, indicating variations in atmospheric conditions. The title "Jimena" is at the top left, with the time and date "2058 UTC 23 SEP 1991" and location coordinates "13.4 N 109.5 W" in the top right corner.

The image depicts a detailed surface analysis weather map of the United States. Various meteorological symbols illustrate weather fronts, pressure systems, and temperature data. High and low-pressure areas are denoted by large "H" and "L" letters. Red lines with semicircles represent warm fronts, while blue lines with triangles indicate cold fronts. Lines with alternating triangles and semicircles show stationary fronts. Isobars, represented by contour lines, indicate areas of equal atmospheric pressure in millibars, circling tightly in the northeast. Wind barbs represent wind speed and direction across the map.

The image depicts a satellite weather map of the northeastern United States and parts of Canada. The map shows a large band of clouds covering the region, with areas of green and yellow indicating higher cloud tops to the north and northeast. The cloud cover is most dense over the northeastern U.S., including parts of New York and surrounding states. The outlines of the Great Lakes and the northeastern U.S. states are visible under the cloud data.

The image features two diagrams depicting models of cyclogenesis: (a) the Norwegian Model and (b) the Shapiro–Keyser Model. Both illustrations present a sequence of four stages, labeled I to IV, showing the evolution of cyclones. Each stage is characterized by curved lines representing front structures and isobars. The lower part of each diagram includes additional schematic views of isotherms.

The image depicts a weather map of the southeastern United States and the Caribbean region. It features contour lines, symbols, and colors indicating various meteorological data. A blue cold front line with semicircles spans from Texas across the Gulf Coast region to Florida. Red concentric circles represent a low-pressure system centered over the Bahamas, with pressure values labeled from 1004 to 981. Weather station data, including temperature and wind patterns, are scattered throughout the map.

The image is a graphic illustrating tropical cyclone symbols, with each symbol depicted in red on a plain white background. On the left side, four distinct red symbols represent different stages of tropical cyclones. From top to bottom, the symbols appear in this order: a simple open circle for a Tropical Depression, an open circle with tails for a Tropical Storm, a filled-in circle with tails for a Hurricane in the Northern Hemisphere, and an inverted swirl for a Hurricane in the Southern Hemisphere. To the right of each symbol, black text provides the corresponding classifications and wind speed details.

The image is a satellite view of a Hurricane Noel over the eastern United States and the Atlantic Ocean. The continental outline includes regions from the southeastern United States up to the northeastern states and parts of Canada, highlighted in blue lines. Areas of brown signify dry air, while green and blue indicate moisture. The image includes longitude and latitude lines across the map.

The image is a map showing the path of Hurricane Noel from October 24 to November 6, 2007. It features a grid with latitude and longitude markings. The hurricane's path is illustrated with a line changing colors based on the storm's category, ranging from tropical depression to category 1, depicted by colors from light blue to yellow. The map covers the eastern United States, the Caribbean, and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. A legend at the top right indicates storm categories with corresponding wind speeds and colors.

Transcribed Text:

Hurricane Noel Dates: 10/24 - 11/06 2007; Maximum Wind Speed: 85 mph; Minimum Pressure: 965 mb; US Landfall Category: No US Landfall; Deaths: 163; US Damage (Millions US $): 0; Storm Category Tropical Depression < 39 mph Tropical Storm 39-73 mph Category 1 74-95 mph Category 2 96-110 mph Category 3 111-130 mph Category 4 131-155 mph Category+ 5 156 mph 

The image is a weather map primarily depicting the eastern United States and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It features various meteorological data, such as temperatures, wind barbs, and pressure systems. The map prominently displays a swirling low-pressure system over the Atlantic with concentric closed isobars labeled with pressure values decreasing toward the center, marked with an "L". A cold front is shown in blue with sharp, triangular points extending southward off the East Coast, meeting a red line of a warm front. Numerous small numbers and symbols indicate temperature and other weather data, scattered across different states. State boundaries and coastline edges are clearly visible in black outlines.

The image is a satellite weather map showing a color-coded representation of water vapor. It covers the eastern United States and the western Atlantic Ocean. Areas dense with water vapor are highlighted in shades of green and white, primarily over the northeastern U.S. and extending into the Atlantic. Brown and orange hues indicate drier air, particularly over the southeastern United States. Blue lines demarcate state and international boundaries, while white grid lines overlay the map for reference purposes.

The image is a weather map illustrating the forecasted path of Tropical Storm Katia. The map covers a section of the Atlantic Ocean, displaying parts of the Caribbean, including Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and the eastern tip of the Bahamas. A series of circles indicate the projected path of the storm from Wednesday at 5 AM to the following Monday at 2 AM. Each circle is marked with a time label and a designation letter (H for hurricane, M for major hurricane). The storm's potential path is shown as a white cone extending across the Atlantic Ocean. The background grid provides latitude and longitude lines for reference. The map's color scheme covers land areas in green and water areas in light blue. The logos of the National Weather Service and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration are present in the top corners. Below the map, there are details of the storm's specifics and a legend, indicating different watch and warning designations.

The image depicts a man seated at a desk, intently looking at a computer monitor. The man wears a light-colored baseball cap and glasses. He gestures with his right hand towards the screen, which displays a satellite weather map. The map shows cloud formations over the Atlantic region, with grid lines and portions of the eastern United States and the Caribbean visible. In the background, a beige desk lamp and a small clock with a dark frame and white face can be seen. A landline telephone with a coiled cord rests on the desk beside the monitor.

The loop shows a satellite weather map displaying cloud formations over the Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean, and parts of North and South America. The map includes a grid overlay with latitude and longitude markings. Hurricane Fabian is moving from east to west across the map. The map is styled in grayscale, with different shades representing cloud densities. The upper section includes the time stamp and coordinates, noting the date as 8/11/2003. 

The image is a map showing the path of Hurricane Fabian across the Atlantic Ocean, highlighting its progression and intensity at different points. The map displays the eastern coast of the United States and part of the Atlantic Ocean, with portions of Central America and the Caribbean visible. The storm's path is indicated with a multi-colored line changing from red to yellow, marking different intensity levels. The progression is marked by points labeled with dates and times in "dd/hh00Z" format, showing the storm's position on those dates. A legend in the top left corner indicates the categories of storm intensity from tropical depression (cyan) to Category 5 (black). The background includes latitude and longitude lines with numerical labels for reference.

The image is a map depicting the projected path of Hurricane Karl as of September 24, 2004. The map covers portions of the North Atlantic Ocean, with visible regions including the eastern coast of North America, Greenland, and part of Europe. The map is marked with latitude and longitude lines in blue, with landmasses depicted in green. The trajectory of Hurricane Karl is shown as a white cone indicating the potential track, along with specific forecast center positions marked by dots. The path is labeled with times and dates, showing movement from 5 AM Friday to 2 AM Sunday. Various symbols indicate strength, particularly "H" for sustained winds over 73 mph and "S" for sustained winds between 39-73 mph.

The image is a map highlighting Luzon, an island in the Philippines. The map covers parts of Southeast Asia, including countries such as China, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Luzon is marked in red with a purple label and arrow pointing to its location within the Philippine archipelago. The map has a blue background representing the ocean, while landmasses are depicted in green and yellow. Major bodies of water like the South China Sea and Philippine Sea are labeled, along with several other islands and regions.

The image is a line chart displaying 48-hour track errors for "early" guidance of all Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones from 1994 to 2022. The x-axis represents the years, while the y-axis represents the forecast error in nautical miles, ranging from 0 to 400. Two lines are plotted: a solid black line and a dotted black line. Various colored and shaped markers represent different models , as indicated by the legend on the right. Major markers include circles, triangles, squares, and inverted triangles in colors like blue, green, red, and orange. The background is a light blue grid.

The image is a map showing the projected paths of Major Hurricane Ian (AL09) across parts of the southeastern United States. The background map features parts of the Gulf of Mexico, Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, highlighted in a tan color. The Atlantic Ocean is represented in light blue. Multiple colored lines, each labeled with different model names and projections, show varying paths predicted for the hurricane. Each line begins at a common point in the Gulf of Mexico and diverges as it moves northeast. Key lines include paths that curve over Florida and continue northward across Georgia and the Carolinas. The legend on the right side lists the models with corresponding colors: orange, magenta, brown, lavender, purple, blue, green, light brown, red, gray, and black. The top section includes textual descriptions: "MAJOR HURRICANE IAN (AL09)" and details about the guidance and current intensity of 110 kt, located in the North Atlantic. Longitude and latitude markers are labeled along the map's edges, providing a geographical frame.

The image is a line graph representing the early-cycle intensity guidance for Major Hurricane Ian (AL09). The vertical axis indicates forecast intensity in knots, ranging from 0 to 160. The horizontal axis shows the forecast period in hours, ranging from 0 to 132. The graph includes several colored lines representing different models predicting the hurricane's intensity over time. The background is shaded in horizontal bands corresponding to different hurricane categories: Tropical Storm (TS), Category 1 (CAT1), Category 2 (CAT2), Category 3 (CAT3), Category 4 (CAT4), and Category 5 (CAT5). Most models anticipate a decline in hurricane intensity over the forecast period. The lines start at varying intensities but generally slope downward. Labels indicate the model names associated with each line.

The image is a composite of four weather maps, each illustrating different meteorological data. The top left map features various colored contours depicting mean wind speed at 850-250mb levels along with 500-mb heights. High and low-pressure systems are marked with "H" and "L." The top right map is focused on Hurricane Igor, showing pressure lines with color-filled regions indicating 925-mb relative vorticity. The bottom left map illustrates zones of strong wind shear with bold colors ranging from blue to red. Text over this map reads: “Swaths of strong wind shear associated with the storm's circulation.” The bottom right map shows areas with different patterns and colors indicating sea surface temperatures and 700-500-mb mean relative humidity, where green shows higher values and orange-red depicts lower values.

The image displays a composite of four different weather maps, each providing specific meteorological data. The top left map features various colored contours depicting mean wind speed at 850-250mb levels along with 500-mb heights. The top right map is focused on Hurricane Igor, showing pressure lines with color-filled regions indicating 925-mb relative vorticity. The bottom-left map illustrates wind shear, using a gradient from blue to red to demonstrate varying shear levels. The bottom-right map presents relative humidity, featuring green and brown shaded areas indicating different humidity levels, alongside text annotation describing conditions around Hurricane Igor.

The image is an infrared satellite view of a large section of Asia, including parts of Japan, China, and the Philippines. A prominent typhoon is centered towards the right of the image, characterized by a swirling mass of clouds with a visible eye at the center. The cloud patterns indicate high winds and storm activity, spiraling counterclockwise. The surrounding area reveals a mix of cloudy and clear sections over land and sea, with grid lines marking latitude and longitude. The image is in black and white, providing a clear contrast between the land, sea, and storm systems. The date and time stamp at the top left corner reads "1845 UTC Tue 04 Mar 2014" with the label "IR Satellite" at the top right.

The image is a line graph showing the NHC Official Annual Average Track Errors for Atlantic Basin Tropical Storms and Hurricanes from 1970 to 2015. The x-axis represents the years, ranging from 1970 to 2015, while the y-axis represents the forecast error in nautical miles, ranging from 0 to 700. The graph includes five colored lines, each representing a different forecast period: 24 hours (red), 48 hours (green), 72 hours (orange), 96 hours (gold), and 120 hours (blue). The lines generally show a downward trend indicating improvements in forecast accuracy over time. Dotted lines are used to indicate the trend for each forecast period. A legend in the upper right-hand corner identifies the colors associated with each time period.

The image is a line graph titled "NHC Official Intensity Error Trend Atlantic Basin." It displays the forecast error in knots (kt) on the y-axis and the year, ranging from 1990 to 2016, on the x-axis. The graph features four colored lines representing different forecast time intervals: red for 24 hours, green for 48 hours, yellow for 72 hours, and blue for 120 hours. Each line is accompanied by a dotted trend line in a matching color. The red line (24 hours) remains relatively flat, indicating lower forecast errors. The other lines demonstrate more variability, with peaks and dips, especially the blue line (120 hours), which shows the highest volatility. A legend in the upper right corner clarifies the color-coding. The background is a pale blue, and grid lines help track values on the graph.

The image is a weather map showing the projected path and wind speed probabilities of Hurricane Irma over a five-day period. The map covers parts of the southeastern United States, including Florida, and parts of the Caribbean. The path is represented by a series of colored areas indicating different probabilities of hurricane-force winds. The probabilities range from 5% to over 90%, depicted by colors from dark green to dark purple. The highest probability area is near the hurricane's center, marked by a white circle. Major geographical markers such as the Bahamas, Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Puerto Rico are labeled. The map includes a legend explaining the color coding of the probability percentages.

The image is a meteorological map showing the projected arrival times of tropical-storm-force winds from Hurricane Irma along the southeastern United States and the Caribbean. The map indicates regions across Florida, the Bahamas, and parts of the southeastern U.S., along with a portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Bold black lines with times indicate when the storm winds are expected to arrive, ranging from Thursday to Monday. The timing intervals are marked as "Thu 8 am" through "Mon 8 pm." The map uses shades of gray and blue to distinguish land and water. The top of the map contains the title in red, "Most Likely Arrival Time of Tropical-Storm-Force Winds." The bottom left corner provides specific details about the hurricane and the advisory.

The image is a map from the NOAA showing the earliest reasonable arrival times of tropical-storm-force winds from Hurricane Irma. The map covers parts of the southeastern United States, including Florida and Georgia, as well as areas in the Caribbean, such as Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. The map displays several arcs indicating projected arrival times for winds, starting on Thursday at 8 AM AST near Puerto Rico and advancing northward through the weekend. The lines are labeled with times and days, such as "Thu 8 am," "Fri 8 pm," "Sat 8 am," and so forth, moving up the map. The background of the map is a light blue, representing the ocean, with the land masses in light gray. The map includes longitude and latitude lines with labels and is bordered by a thin black line. The NOAA logo is visible in the top corners of the map.