Lesson 2 Images

Lesson 2: Remote and In-Situ Observations in the Tropics

a large part of the tropics

A cylindrical projection world map with continents in tan and oceans in blue.
a large part of the tropics
Text description of the a large part of the tropics image.

The image is a world map showing continents and major bodies of water. The map uses a cylindrical projection, with latitude and longitude lines marked. The continents are depicted in a uniform tan color, while the oceans are a solid blue. Typical geographical features, like coastlines, are clearly defined. The map spans from about 150 degrees west to 90 degrees east longitude. Various lines of latitude and longitude are labeled at regular intervals with black dotted lines crossing the map.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

Conventional radar

Illustration of a radar system sending pulses of energy towards clouds.
Conventional radar
Text description of the Conventional radar image.

The image depicts a simplified illustration of a radar system in operation. In the foreground, on the left, there is a radar tower with a dome-shaped antenna on top, positioned on a small structure with a brown roof and white walls. The radar is set against a clear, gradient blue sky transitioning to purple near the horizon. A green, grassy terrain lies at the bottom of the image. Gray beams extend from the radar towards large, cartoon-like white clouds on the right side of the image, illustrating radar pulses. The clouds have a fluffy appearance with varying shades of gray to suggest depth.

Transcribed Text:

A radar sends out a very short pulse of energy (actually about 5000 per second). This pulse of energy travels away from the radar at the speed of light, expanding and gaining elevation as it goes. When the energy encounters particles in the atmosphere, some of that energy is scattered back towards the radar. The radar collects this "back-scattered" energy and processes it into an image.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Tropical Ocean Buoys

plot of sustained wind speeds

Graph depicting wind speed, gusts, and air pressure from August 31 to September 5 with a significant spike on September 4.
plot of sustained wind speeds
Text description of the plot of sustained wind speeds image.

The image is a graph showing wind speed, wind gusts, and air pressure over a period from August 31 to September 5. The x-axis represents the date and time in GMT and AST formats, while the left y-axis measures wind speed in knots ranging from 0 to 100. The right y-axis measures air pressure in inches from 28.8 to 30.2. Wind speed is depicted with a blue line, wind gusts with a red line, and air pressure with a green line. The graph shows fluctuations in wind speed and gusts, with a significant spike occurring on September 4. Air pressure exhibits a general decline until the same date, at which it sharply rises.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

12Z station model from Buoy 41044

Weather map showing Tropical Cyclone Katia's approximate center marked by a red circle.
12Z station model from Buoy 4104
Text description of the 12Z station model from Buoy 4104 image.

The image is a weather map focused on the Atlantic Ocean, displaying data related to Tropical Cyclone Katia. Several coordinated points are marked with numbers and symbols, representing weather stations and buoys. The center of attention is a red circle near latitude 22.3 and longitude -59.6, which indicates the approximate 12Z center of Katia. An arrow points toward this circle with a note saying "Red circle roughly marks the 12Z center of Katia." The stations are marked in red, blue, and black with varying data entries. In the top right corner, there's a small world map highlighting the region covered by the main map. The background grid is marked with latitudinal and longitudinal lines, specifically spanning from 15N to 29N and 67W to 57W.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

16 drifting buoys

Satellite image of Hurricane Fabian on September 4, 2003, with cloud swirls and red squares marking drifter locations.
16 drifting buoys
Text description of the 16 drifting buoys image.

The image is a satellite view depicting Hurricane Fabian on September 4, 2003. The hurricane's eye is distinctly visible in the center, surrounded by dense, swirling cloud formations. The image is marked with light blue grid lines indicating latitude and longitude, with labels for 30 N, 20 N, 70 W, and 60 W. Near the center, several small red squares indicate deployment locations, with two drifters per location. The outlines of Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico, are visible near the bottom left of the image, set against a dark background.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

surface data

Graph showing sea surface air pressure with a dip around September 7 and multiple colored lines.
surface data
Text description of the surface data image.

The image is a line graph depicting sea surface air pressure measured in millibars (mB) over time. The y-axis ranges from 940 to 1030 mB, while the x-axis indicates the time frame from August 31 to September 14. Several colored lines represent different datasets corresponding to individual identifiers. These lines display a sharp dip around September 7, indicating a significant decrease in air pressure, followed by a rapid recovery to higher pressure around 1012 mB with slight fluctuations thereafter. A legend on the right side associates each colored line with specific identifiers.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

sample summary plot

Graphs displaying wind speed, dynamic height, and ocean temperature data for 5S 155W from 2002 to 2003.
sample summary plot
Text description of the sample summary plot image.

The image consists of three main sections of graphs displaying data titled "5S 155W Five-Day Temperature and Wind Data." The top graph depicts wind speed in meters per second along a horizontal axis marked from -8 to 8, showing red lines with fluctuations over time. The middle graph represents "Dynamic Height (0/500 dbar)" with a scale in dyn. cm ranging from approximately 120 to 140, exhibiting a red line with varying peaks and troughs. The bottom graph illustrates temperature in degrees Celsius, with a color-coded contour map displaying temperature variations at different ocean depths from 0 to 300 meters over the years 2002 to 2003. Temperature ranges from 8°C to 32°C, transitioning from dark blue at the bottom to purple at the top. The graphs' horizontal axis uses months abbreviations, starting from December 2001 to December 2003.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

complete report

Weather map showing Tropical Cyclone Lupit with meteorological data and trajectory.
complete report
Text description of the complete report image.

The image is a weather map showing the path and data of a tropical cyclone named Lupit. The main section features a grid with latitudinal and longitudinal markers ranging from 5N to 19N and 130E to 144E. Various meteorological symbols and data points are plotted, indicating wind directions and speeds in knots. A distinct red symbol resembling the number "6" appears near the center, marking the cyclone's location. Inset in the top right is a small world map highlighting the affected region. The map's header and footer contain textual data about the storm Lupit, with a focus on caution regarding the analyses.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Air Force Hurricane Hunters

template for the upper-air station model

Diagram showing air temperature, wind speed, direction, and aircraft altitude.
template for the upper-air station model
Text description of the template for the upper-air station model image.

The image displays a diagram commonly used in meteorological station models, illustrating various atmospheric parameters. In the center, there is a black square with a line extending to the left. This line has several flags indicating wind speed and direction. To the left of the square, the number "-45" is written, representing the air temperature in degrees Celsius. Above this, a red-bordered box with text provides the explanation. On the right of the square, the number "330" appears alongside a blue-bordered box, indicating aircraft altitude in hundreds of feet. Below the square, a green-bordered box contains text that explains the convention for representing wind speed and direction.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

alpha pattern

Satellite view of a hurricane with a clear eye and spiral cloud bands, and an aircraft near the edge.
alpha pattern
Text description of the alpha pattern image.

The image is a satellite view of a large hurricane. The cyclone shows a well-defined, circular eye in the center, surrounded by swirling clouds. The clouds form a tight spiral, with bands extending outward in a counterclockwise direction. The shades of the clouds range from bright white at the core to darker grays as they extend outward, indicating varying thickness and density. In the top left quadrant, near the outer edge of the hurricane, a small aircraft is visible, flying over the cloud tops, providing a sense of scale. The background is a dark expanse, likely the ocean, contrasting with the bright, turbulent clouds of the hurricane.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

altitude is measured by radar

An airplane flying over water with a description of a radar altimeter.
altitude is measured by radar
Text description of the altitude is measured by radar image.

The image depicts a scene with an aircraft flying over the ocean. The background is a clear, gradient blue sky with two clouds visible. Below, the sea is represented with a subtle wave pattern. To the left, there's a rectangular text box with a white background and a black border, containing an explanation of how a radar altimeter functions. The aircraft is white with a black nose and appears to be propeller-driven. A red line and a red dot illustrate the path of a radar altimeter pulse traveling from the aircraft to the ocean surface below and back.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Decoding a Vortex Data Message

 

 

NOAA Hurricane Hunters

Miss Piggy

Cartoon of a pig in aviator gear with text: “NOAA Aircraft Operations Center N43RF.”
Miss Piggy
Text description of the Miss Piggy image.

The image is a colorful illustration featuring a character depicted as a pig dressed as an aviator. She wears a leather jacket, flight goggles on her head, and a blue scarf blowing in the wind. The character is sitting on a stylized airplane with a cheerful pose. Above the character, the title reads “NOAA Aircraft Operations Center N43RF.” The illustration includes flowing ribbons with the words “Aero-Pigutica... But Nice!” Below, there is a decorative signature reading “Miss Piggy” in pink.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

Kermit

Illustration of a green cartoon frog in aviator gear mid-jump with clouds beneath.
Kermit
Text description of the Kermit image.

The image is a colorful illustration featuring a cartoon frog dressed in aviator gear. The frog is bright green and is depicted in mid-jump, with its mouth open in a cheerful expression. It is wearing a yellow scarf, brown shoes, and a white aviator helmet with goggles. A swirling pattern of clouds appears beneath it, suggesting motion. Surrounding the frog, there is stylized text. The background is a light cream color.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

synoptic-surveillance flight plan

Map showing the flight track and data points of Hurricane Isabel in 2003 with various data markers and a storm path traced in green.
synoptic-surveillance flight plan
Text description of the synoptic-surveillance flight plan image.

The image is a detailed map illustrating the flight track of a storm research mission associated with Hurricane Isabel in 2003. The map covers portions of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean with latitudinal markings from 20 to 40 degrees and longitudinal markings from -85 to -65 degrees. A green line traces the flight path, annotated with numbered points that likely represent specific data collection sites or timestamps. Storm locations are indicated with a red hurricane symbol. Red, blue, and other colored circles mark different types of data points such as "Regular," "12Z-only," and "00Z-only," among others. A legend in the upper left corner explains the symbols used, with different colors and shapes identifying the storm location, flight track, dropwindsonde, and data frequency specifics. The map has labeled latitude on the y-axis and longitude on the x-axis, and the main title reads "030916N1 ISABEL."

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

winds detected by Hurricane-Hunter Doppler radar

Wind speed and direction visualization for Hurricane Sandy on October 28, 2012.
winds detected by Hurricane-Hunter Doppler radar
Text description of the winds detected by Hurricane-Hunter Doppler radar image.

The image is a weather data visualization representing wind speed and direction for Hurricane Sandy on October 28, 2012. It is a circular plot centered around longitude 71.5W and latitude 34N, depicting wind patterns at 0.5 km above the surface in meters per second. The center of the diagram is marked by a deep blue circle, surrounded by concentric rings of varying colors, from dark blue and green to yellow and orange, which denote different wind speeds according to the color scale on the right. Arrows scattered across the plot indicate wind direction, and small numbers next to these arrows provide exact speed measurements in meters per second. Along the perimeter, labels mark longitude and latitude.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

relatively close to land

Radar coverage map for the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico with red circles indicating coverage areas.
relatively close to land
Text description of the relatively close to land image.

The image is a radar coverage map for the East Coast and Gulf of Mexico regions of the United States. It features a series of overlapping red circles, each centered on a black dot, which represent the areas covered by individual radar stations. The circles blanket the entirety of the eastern United States, extending from the northeastern states down to the Gulf Coast. The borders of the states are outlined in black, providing a clear view of the geographic areas covered. The map is designed to show the extensive radar coverage over this part of the country.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

visible satellite image

Satellite view of a hurricane off the east coast of the United States.
visible satellite image
Text description of the visible satellite image.

The image is a satellite view of a large hurricane formation over the Atlantic Ocean, off the east coast of the United States. To the left, the dark green landmass of the southeastern United States is clearly visible, including Florida and parts of the Carolinas. The swirling white clouds of the hurricane dominate the right side of the image, forming a tightly wound spiral pattern. The ocean around the storm appears deep blue, contrasting with the bright white of the clouds. The Bahamas can be seen near the bottom of the image with vivid turquoise waters surrounding the islands.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

H*Wind analysis at 0130Z on September 14, 2003

Contour map of Hurricane Isabel's wind speeds on 14 Sep 2003, with a color gradient indicating intensity.
H*Wind analysis at 0130Z on September 14, 2003
Text description of the H*Wind analysis at 0130Z on September 14, 2003 image.

The image is a contour map depicting the structure of Hurricane Isabel on 14 Sep 2003 at 0130 UTC. The map uses color gradients to represent wind speeds, with warm colors at the center indicating higher speeds. The innermost area is black, transitioning outward to dark red, violet, blue, light blue, and finally green and dark blue. The contour lines, marked with wind speed values, spiral outwards from the center. The map's background is blue with latitude and longitude grid lines. In the upper section, various texts provide details about measurement sources and times. In the top left corner, a legend lists wind radii for different quadrants.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

mounted on reconnaissance aircraft

Close-up of an aircraft wing with a mounted sensor pod and visible internal structure.
mounted on reconnaissance aircraft
Text description of the mounted on reconnaissance aircraft image.

The image shows a close-up view of an aircraft's wing, specifically focusing on a sensor pod attached underneath. The wing is an off-white color, with visible panel lines and rivets. The sensor pod is rectangular with rounded edges and is mounted beneath the wing, extending downward. It has a rectangular light or sensor panel facing downward. The internal structure of the wing is visible where panels are open, revealing support beams and mechanisms. In the background, the tail section of the aircraft is partially visible, displaying a USA flag and markings. The sky appears clear and blue.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

back-scatter

Diagram showing incident radiation entering a medium, with scattering, transmission, and absorption depicted.
back-scatter
Text description of the back-scatter image.

The image is an illustration depicting the interaction of radiation with a medium. A bold, maroon arrow labeled "Incident Radiation" points from the left side towards the center of the image, entering a vertical, translucent blue column representing the medium. At the entry point into the medium, a smaller black dot marks a "Scattering Event." From this point, three arrows extend in different directions: "Back-scattering" is directed backwards to the left, "Transmission" proceeds forward to the right, and a faded, shorter arrow labeled "Absorption" points downward. Each arrow is maroon, with the labels appearing in black text. The background outside the medium is white.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

The Dvorak Technique

water-vapor image

Satellite view of the Americas showing water vapor with blue outlines and a storm system.
water-vapor image
Text description of the water-vapor image.

The image is a satellite view of the Earth focusing on the Americas, displaying water vapor content. North and South America are prominently visible. The landmasses are outlined in blue, providing a clear demarcation from the surrounding oceans. The swirling patterns of water vapor are shown in varying shades of gray, highlighting areas of moisture and atmospheric activity. A notable circular formation in the North Atlantic indicates a storm system. The blue outlines contrast against the grayscale, aiding in the identification of geographical regions. The image has a timestamp and labels at the top and bottom.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

enhanced infrared image of Haiyan

Infrared satellite image of a cyclone with colored cloud bands and NOAA logo.
enhanced infrared image of Haiyan
Text description of the enhanced infrared image of Haiyan image.

The image is a satellite infrared view of a large cyclone, depicting swirling cloud formations. At the center is a dark gray eye, surrounded by concentric rings of clouds in bright red and orange, indicating intense activity. The outer areas transition into yellow, then blue, and finally gray clouds, representing varying intensities. These colors highlight temperature differences, with red and orange indicating warmer, denser clouds, and blue and gray showing cooler, higher altitudes. A NOAA logo appears in the bottom left corner, signifying the organization responsible for the satellite view.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

satellite image

Satellite image of Tropical Storm Nicholas with highlighted features.
nicholas satellite image
Text description of the satellite image.

The image depicts a satellite view of a weather system labeled as "Tropical Storm Nicholas." The storm has a circular structure with a bright white, textured center indicating deep convection, surrounded by swirling bands of clouds in varied shades of blue and yellow. To the upper left of the center is the "Center of Circulation," noted in yellow text. The storm's bright core contrasts against the darker surrounding atmosphere, highlighting the storm’s intensity.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

alex satellite image

Satellite image of a storm system with a
satellite image
Text description of the satellite image.

The image is a satellite view showing a large weather system over the southeastern United States. The states of Georgia, South Carolina, and parts of Florida, Alabama, and North Carolina are visible and outlined in bright green. The central feature is a dense, circular mass of clouds labeled "CDO" in yellow text. These clouds are bright white and tightly packed, indicating a possibly strong storm or cyclone. Surrounding this circular cloud mass are additional cloud formations that are less dense. The land is marked with variations of dark to light green, indicating different terrains, and the ocean is depicted in dark colors with white cloud streaks.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

enhanced infrared image of Hurricane Emily

Infrared satellite image of a hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico with color-coded intensity bands.
enhanced infrared image of Hurricane Emily
Text description of the enhanced infrared image of Hurricane Emily image.

The image is a false-color infrared satellite image of a hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico, captured on July 17, 2005. The image uses colors to show the intensity and distribution of the storm. The center of the hurricane appears as a bright white circular area, indicating the eye of the storm, and is surrounded by concentric bands of red, representing intense cloud cover and storm activity. These bands are encircled by patches of green and blue, denoting less intense cloud coverage. The surrounding ocean is depicted in dark blue, contrasting with the bright colors of the storm. The image includes grid lines and coordinates overlaid on the satellite view for reference.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

case of Super Typhoon Haiyan

Infrared satellite image of a tropical cyclone with a clear eye and surrounding spiral cloud bands.
case of Super Typhoon Haiyan
Text description of the case of Super Typhoon Haiyan image.

The image is a satellite infrared color depiction of a large tropical cyclone, showcasing the system's spiral structure. At the center, there is a distinct eye surrounded by a dense ring of deep convection depicted in gray, indicating high cloud tops. Surrounding the eye, bands of bright red and orange represent intense storms, with these colors transitioning to yellows and greens as the clouds spiral outward. The outer edges of the cyclone transition into blues and whites, indicating less intense or cooler cloud tops. There is a small area with gray, indicating possibly thinner clouds or clear areas. A NOAA logo is located at the bottom left. The image is color-coded, with variations in color representing different infrared temperatures and associated storm intensity.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

satellite image of Hurricane Jeanne

Satellite image of a cyclone with a clear eye and spiral cloud bands over the ocean.
satellite image of Hurricane Jeanne
Text description of the satellite image of Hurricane Jeanne image.

The image depicts a satellite view of a massive cyclone over the ocean. The cyclone's eye, centered near the middle of the image, is a small, cloudless circle surrounded by tightly spiraling bands of clouds. These clouds range in color from bright white at the center to deeper blues and yellows at the edges, showcasing the storm's intensity. The spiral pattern is clearly visible, indicating strong rotational movement. The background is a dark blue sea, with a small section of green land visible at the bottom left corner, partially obscured by the swirling clouds.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

comparison of these two hurricanes

Satellite images of Hurricane Andrew (1992) and Hurricane Floyd (1999) over the southeastern U.S. and Caribbean, showing large spiral cloud formations.
comparison of these two hurricanes
Text description of the comparison of these two hurricanes image.

The image displays two satellite images of hurricanes over the southeastern United States and parts of the Caribbean. On the left, Hurricane Andrew, dated August 23, 1992, is shown in a spiraling formation over the Atlantic Ocean near Florida and Cuba. The hurricane's eye is clearly visible, surrounded by dense white cloud bands. The land and water masses are depicted in shades of green and blue, with cloud patterns in gray and white.

On the right, Hurricane Floyd, dated September 11, 1999, dominates the view with a more extensive cloud system covering parts of the ocean off the coast of Florida. The hurricane is larger with a less defined eye compared to Hurricane Andrew. The surrounding areas appear similar in color with a mix of green, blue, and cloud patterns in white and yellow.

Each image includes white text at the top left corner detailing the hurricane's name, date, and the NOAA satellite used. Logos from NOAA and another emblem are at the bottom corners of the left image.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Cloud-Drift Winds

H*Wind analysis of Hurricane Isabel

Contour map of Hurricane Isabel's wind speeds on September 18, 2003.
H*Wind analysis of Hurricane Isabel
Text description of the H*Wind analysis of Hurricane Isabel image.

The image is a meteorological contour map showing the wind speed distribution of Hurricane Isabel at 0130 UTC on September 18, 2003. The map uses concentric colored bands to indicate different wind speeds, with a centralized, tightly packed region of high wind speeds highlighted in red, orange, and yellow, transitioning to green and blue as wind speeds decrease outward. The storm is centered at approximately 30 degrees latitude and -74 degrees longitude, with wind speed contours labeled in knots. A color-coded legend on the left indicates varying wind radii by directional quadrants. Text at the top describes the analysis sources and conditions, and the bottom notes the maximum observed and analyzed winds.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

Indian Ocean

Map of the Indian Ocean area showing surrounding countries and islands.
Indian Ocean
Text description of the Indian Ocean image.

The image is a detailed map of the Indian Ocean area, depicting the surrounding regions and countries. The map shows parts of Africa to the west, including Egypt, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. On the eastern side, countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Malaysia, and the Indonesian islands are visible. The map highlights major bodies of water, including the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The central part of the map features the Indian Ocean, with several islands such as Madagascar, the Maldives, Seychelles, and Mauritius. The coastline and significant geographic features are marked, with political boundaries delineating country borders. The waters are shaded in light blue, while landmasses are depicted in beige and grey. Latitude and longitude lines are marked at intervals of 20 degrees. The equator and tropics are labeled, and the map includes a scale in kilometers and nautical miles.

successive images

Satellite image showing North and South America with cloud coverage and yellow outlined coastlines.
successive images
Text description of the successive imagess.

The image is a satellite view of North and South America, with parts of both continents visible. The entire image is in grayscale, with yellow lines delineating the coastlines. The northern hemisphere shows North America, with recognizable landmasses such as the United States and Canada, covered in a mix of white clouds and clear areas. Central America is visible in the center of the image, leading down to South America, which shows varying cloud coverage. The Atlantic and Pacific Oceans surround the continents, with cloud formations seen more prominently over the Atlantic. The texture indicates different weather patterns across the regions.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

three successive water-vapor images

Satellite image showing water vapor over North and South America with outlines of continents in blue.
three successive water-vapor image
Text description of the three successive water-vapor images.

The image is a satellite view depicting water vapor in the atmosphere over North and South America. The image is in shades of gray, indicating the moisture content, with lighter areas representing higher water vapor concentration and darker areas indicating less. A thin blue line outlines the continents and major islands for geographical reference. The two continents are prominently shown with cloud formations visible across various regions. The top left corner features the Pacific Ocean, while the right side highlights parts of the Atlantic Ocean. Text is located at the bottom of the image.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

vapor targets

Satellite image with colored dots indicating atmospheric pressure levels.
vapor targets
Text description of the vapor targets image.

The image is a satellite view displaying atmospheric conditions over a geographical area. Clouds are depicted in shades of gray, indicating varying levels of water vapor concentration. Overlaid are colored dots in purple, sky blue, yellow, green, and red, representing different atmospheric pressure levels. The landmasses are outlined in blue, while the ocean appears as a darker gray. The distribution of the colored dots spans across the image, illustrating meteorological data.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

latest middle- and upper-tropospheric winds

Current satellite map showing mid-upper atmospheric wind patterns over the Caribbean and Atlantic with colored wind vectors..
latest middle- and upper-tropospheric winds
Text description of the latest middle- and upper-tropospheric winds image.

The image is a satellite map depicting wind patterns in the mid-upper levels of the atmosphere over the Caribbean and parts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. The map has a gray background with wind vectors overlaid in three colors: yellow, green, and blue, representing different pressure levels. Yellow vectors indicate areas of pressure between 251-350 mb, green vectors represent 100-250 mb, and blue vectors show 351-500 mb. The vectors appear as short arrows pointing in various directions, illustrating wind flow. Geographic features include outlined portions of Florida, Cuba, the Bahamas, and surrounding regions. Latitude and longitude lines are present, adding a grid overlay to the map. A legend is located in the upper right corner.

latest lower- and middle-tropospheric winds

Current satellite map showing cloud drift winds and weather patterns over the Caribbean and Atlantic..
latest lower- and middle-tropospheric winds
Text description of the latest lower- and middle-tropospheric winds image.

The image is a satellite map showing infrared cloud drift winds over the Caribbean and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. White cloud patterns are visible, with swirling formations indicating different weather systems. Superimposed on the image are colorful vector lines in green, yellow, and blue, representing wind directions and speeds at various altitude levels. The map is overlaid with a grid of latitude and longitude lines and outlines of the continents and islands. Notable landmasses include the southern United States, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. In the top right corner, a legend displays altitude ranges: 400–599mb, 600–799mb, and 800–950mb, color-coded in yellow, cyan, and green. The image has text at the bottom indicating the information source and timestamp.

 

Multispectral Imagery

fly at much lower altitudes

Earth with yellow polar orbit lines and a green geostationary orbit line.
fly at much lower altitudes
Text description of the fly at much lower altitudes image.

The image depicts Earth in a dark space background scattered with small white stars. The left side of the image features a representation of Earth, centered with visible landmasses including North and South America. Surrounding the Earth are yellow lines illustrating the paths of polar orbiters located at an altitude of 850 kilometers. These lines crisscross the planet vertically and diagonally. Extending from the Earth's equator is a single green elliptical line indicating a geostationary orbit with an altitude of 35,800 kilometers. This line is positioned horizontally in the image to show the geostationary orbit's alignment with the Earth's rotation.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

South Pacific Ocean

Map of the South Pacific Ocean with surrounding countries and a weather system's path marked in red and black.
South Pacific Ocean
Text description of the South Pacific Ocean image.

The image is a map of the South Pacific Ocean, highlighting surrounding regions and countries. Major landmasses depicted include Australia to the southwest, New Zealand to the southeast, and parts of Southeast Asia to the northwest, including Indonesia and the Philippines. The map marks key points such as Manila, Perth, and Canberra, indicated with black stars. It illustrates various islands like Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and the Hawaiian Islands in light green. A dashed yellow line represents the Equator. In the ocean near Fiji, a path marked with a dashed line in black shows the movement of a weather system, labeled in red with dates and categories: "002, 6 Jan 04 (Cat 4)" and "002, 8 Jan 04 (TS)."

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

loop of three-channel color composite images of Tropical Depression 8

Satellite image of a tropical cyclone over the Atlantic Ocean with visible cloud formations and grid lines indicating coordinates.
loop of three-channel color composite images of Tropical Depression 8
Text description of the loop of three-channel color composite images of Tropical Depression 8 image.

The image is a satellite view of a tropical cyclone over the Atlantic Ocean. The cyclone appears as a bright, circular mass with swirling cloud patterns, predominantly white at the center with shades of gray and blue extending outward. Surrounding the cyclone is a grid with numerical coordinates indicating degrees of latitude and longitude. The coastline of the southeastern United States is visible in the top left corner, outlined in bright magenta. The ocean is displayed in dark blue, providing a stark contrast to the lighter colors of the cyclone. The image includes graphical and text overlays indicating it was captured by NOAA.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

simulated satellite image

Illustration showing clouds labeled
simulated satellite image
Text description of the simulated satellite image.

Illustration showing clouds labeled "A" and "B" with satellite resolution, alongside a simulated satellite image with labeled pixelated clouds.

The right side of the image, titled "Simulated Visible Satellite Image" in yellow text, shows a grid of squares. The grid contains two cloud shapes, labeled "Cloud 'A'" and "Cloud 'B'" in red text. Both clouds are composed of white and various shades of gray squares, representing pixelated satellite views.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

zoomed-in portion of a real visible satellite image

Satellite image showing scattered clouds over a green landscape with a magnified inset of pixelated clouds.
zoomed-in portion of a real visible satellite image
Text description of the zoomed-in portion of a real visible satellite image.

The image is a satellite view of a landscape dominated by a dense pattern of white clouds scattered above a green terrain. The clouds vary in size and form, with some large fluffy clusters and others appearing as smaller patches. A particular section of the image is highlighted with a yellow square and connected with lines to an enlarged inset at the bottom right. This inset shows a highly pixelated view of the area, displaying a grayscale pattern with pixel blocks, accentuating the cloud formations.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Peering at Precipitation

visual schematic outlining the process

Diagram of 36-37 GHz radiometry showing upwelling radiation through atmospheric layers with additional annotations.
visual schematic outlining the process
Text description of the visual schematic outlining the process image.

The image illustrates 36-37 GHz radiometry, focusing on its interaction with different atmospheric layers and elements. A vertical section of the atmosphere is depicted, starting from the ocean surface at the bottom to the upper reaches of a cloud at the top. Three main atmospheric components are shown: raindrops, large ice and graupel, and small ice crystals, each marked with respective labels on the left. A wide yellow-orange arrow extends vertically through these layers, representing the upwelling radiation beams. The arrow is thickest at the top, indicating the highest radiation emanating from the upper cloud layers. Text boxes explain how small ice crystals and large ice particles do not significantly block the radiation, allowing substantial energy to reach the satellite. The “Melting Layer” is depicted as a dotted line across the cloud. The ocean surface at the bottom is shaded with blue and green tones, symbolizing the absorbed and scattered upwelling radiation due to cloud interference. Annotations emphasize key points about the radiation process at each layer, with blue text denoting the importance of ocean surface radiation.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

36-GHz image from 1845Z on October 20, 2005

Satellite image of a hurricane with thermal and grayscale views.
36-GHz image from 1845Z on October 20, 2005
Text description of the 36-GHz image from 1845Z on October 20, 2005 image.

The image is a satellite composite capturing a weather system, specifically a hurricane. On the left side, a grayscale depiction shows cloud formations over land, likely Central America. The right side displays a vivid thermal image of the hurricane with a prominent spiral structure. The hurricane's eye is clearly visible, surrounded by concentric bands of intense orange-red and yellow, indicating high intensity. Surrounding blue and green colors depict varying temperatures in the surrounding areas. The map includes latitude and longitude markers, with a scale indicating brightness temperature in Kelvin along the bottom. The top contains data timestamps and identifiers in bold.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

artist's rendition of TRMM's orbital path

Artistic impression of the TRMM satellite orbiting above Earth, with visible swathes over the tropics.
artist's rendition of TRMM's orbital path
Text description of the artist's rendition of TRMM's orbital path image.

The image depicts an artistic impression of the TRMM satellite, shown hovering above the Earth. The satellite features a cubic body with extended solar panels and a dish antenna. Below the satellite, the Earth is visible with its blue oceans and green landmasses, specifically highlighting the tropical region. The orbit of the satellite is illustrated by three broad, translucent swathes spanning diagonally from left to right across the tropical zone, suggesting the satellite’s path. The background is a deep black, emphasizing the contrast between the satellite and Earth.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Peering at Precipitation (Extras)

91-GHz image of Hurricane Jimena

Satellite map showing a cyclone off the coast of Mexico with color-coded temperature data.
91-GHz image of Hurricane Jimena
Text description of the 91-GHz image of Hurricane Jimena image.

The image is a satellite map showing a weather system over the eastern Pacific Ocean near the western coast of Mexico and parts of the Baja California Peninsula. The central feature is a swirling cyclone, indicated by a spiral pattern of colors: red, yellow, and green, surrounded by blue. The colors represent different temperatures, with red indicating warmer and blue indicating cooler areas. The map is overlaid with latitude and longitude lines, and various labels detail specific coordinates. The background consists of various shades of blue, indicating the ocean, while the landmasses are outlined in green.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

schematic displaying a vertical cross section through a hurricane

Illustration of a cumulonimbus cloud with a red L beneath it.
schematic displaying a vertical cross section through a hurricane
Text description of the schematic displaying a vertical cross section through a hurricane image.

The image illustrates a stylized representation of a cumulonimbus cloud formation. The background is a gradient of light to medium blue, depicting the sky. Central to the scene is a large, grey cloud with a distinctive anvil shape at its top, indicative of a mature thunderstorm cloud. Surrounding the central cloud are smaller, white cumulus clouds, arranged symmetrically on both sides. Below the clouds, there is a horizontal blue strip representing the ground or possibly the sea. In the bottom center of the image, a bold red letter "L" is placed, likely symbolizing low pressure associated with stormy weather.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

this schematic

Illustration of a tropical cyclone cross-section with cloud formations, satellite measurement, and parallax error depiction.
this schematic
Text description of the this schematic image.

The image illustrates a cross-section of a tropical cyclone over the ocean, labeled "Tropical Cyclone Cross Section." It shows the structure of the cyclone, with cloud formations rising above the ocean surface. The clouds, depicted in white, have blue arrows indicating upward movements and orange arrows showing downward movements. Symbolic representations of precipitation include ice crystals, snow/graupel, and raindrops, depicted in varying sizes. A satellite is shown above the cyclone with a yellow line connecting it to the clouds, indicating measurement direction. A red and yellow arrow intersect, labeled "Parallax Error," illustrating the difference between actual and measured positions. The image background transitions from a bright blue sky to a deep blue ocean.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

parallax error is smaller

Diagram of a tropical cyclone cross-section with airflow, precipitation symbols, and a satellite illustrating parallax error.
parallax error is smaller
Text description of the parallax error is smaller image.

The image is a diagram of a tropical cyclone cross-section over an ocean. It illustrates the movement of ice crystals, snow/graupel, and raindrops within the cyclone, depicted by various symbols. The cyclone is shown with towering, white cloud structures extending above the ocean surface. Blue arrows represent descending airflows, while orange arrows represent ascending airflows. A satellite is positioned above, with a yellow line pointing down towards the cyclone, indicating the satellite's observational path. Below the yellow line, a red line labeled "Parallax Error" indicates the discrepancy in the actual measurement, marked with "X" and "Y" at the base. Clouds in the background are detailed, appearing fluffy and white against a blue sky. At the base of the image, a legend shows symbols for ice crystals, snow/graupel, and raindrops.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

The Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit

located over the eastern Atlantic at the time

Satellite image showing Africa and Europe, with storms in the Atlantic Ocean.
located over the eastern Atlantic at the time
Text description of the located over the eastern Atlantic at the time image.

The image is a satellite view showing a portion of Earth's globe in black and white. It prominently features the western coast of Africa on the right side and the eastern edge of South America on the left. Between the continents, the Atlantic Ocean is visible with swirling cloud patterns indicating storms or cyclones. The top of the globe includes parts of Europe, outlined clearly. Yellow outlines highlight the continents and country borders, while small yellow crosshairs are scattered across the image to likely mark coordinates or grid points. In the ocean, there is a well-defined circular cloud formation to the left, suggesting a storm system. The landmasses and oceans are shaded in various tones of gray, with clouds appearing white.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

AMSU-A1

A satellite-like structure with solar panels and gold cylindrical components.
AMSU-A1
Text description of the AMSU-A1 image.

The image shows a mechanical structure resembling a satellite or space equipment set against a dark background. The object is comprised of two connected rectangular boxes, primarily covered with dark solar panels. Each box has a cylindrical, gold-colored component attached to its front, housing circular openings that may function as lenses or sensors. The structure features a combination of metallic and solar panel surfaces, with visible screws and support frames demonstrating a complex, functional design.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

AMSU-A2

Metallic box-like device with panels and round components, featuring a white dish at the top.
AMSU-A2
Text description of the AMSU-A2 image.

The image depicts a metallic, box-like device with various panels and components, resting on a flat surface. The main body appears to be constructed from a series of vertically aligned, gold and dark green rectangular panels. On the front, there is a large round component, resembling a hatch or cover, with several small protrusions around its edge. To the top right, a white, dish-like structure is partially visible, suggesting a form of antenna or sensor. The intricate detailing includes several rivets and screws, indicating complex assembly. The device has an industrial appearance, characterized by its angular design and metallic sheen.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

graph of weighting functions

Line graph of weighting function vs. height for channels C3 to C15 under clear sky.
graph of weighting functions
Text description of the graph of weighting functions image.

The image is a line graph showing the weighting function versus height for different channels (C3 to C15) under clear sky conditions, measured using AMSU-A1. The x-axis represents the weighting function in km⁻¹ ranging from 0 to 0.25. The y-axis represents the height in kilometers, ranging from 0 to 80 km. Each curve on the graph is labeled with a specific channel number (C3 to C15), and is depicted in various colors and styles, such as solid, dashed, and dotted lines. The legend on the right side lists the corresponding colors and styles for each channel line.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

 

Scatterometry

scatterometer data

Meteorological map of surface winds and vorticity for Gabrielle on September 11, 2001.
scatterometer data
Text description of the scatterometer data image.

The image is a meteorological map titled "SeaWinds Surface Winds and Vorticity Gabrielle, 1114 UTC 11 Sept. 2001," depicting surface winds and vorticity related to a storm. The map covers a geographical area from approximately 22N to 30N latitudes and 80W to 88W longitudes. Green landmasses represent parts of the southeastern United States and surrounding regions. Arrows on the map indicate wind direction and speed, with blue, purple, and black arrows showing varying velocities. Red and yellow shaded areas highlight regions of higher vorticity near the center of swirling arrows, indicating the storm's core. A wind speed scale on the right ranges from 5 to 35 knots, color-coded from blue to black. Beneath the map, a color bar represents vorticity levels.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

SeaWinds Scatterometer

Satellite components mounted on a gold reflective panel, featuring an antenna, radar electronics, waveguides, and a controller.
SeaWinds Scatterometer
Text description of the SeaWinds Scatterometer image.

The image shows a labeled layout of satellite components affixed to a panel. The panel is covered with a reflective gold material and has various labeled parts. At the top right, a large black circular antenna is visible. Below the antenna, a network of waveguides is highlighted, with pathways marked on the golden surface. To the left, there is a pinkish rectangular area labeled "Radar Electronics." Towards the bottom center, a red box is labeled as the "Controller." To the right, a blue rectangular section is adjacent to the controller. The entire assembly is set against a structured backdrop, possibly part of the satellite or an assembly area.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

Advanced SCATerometers

Y-shaped structure with silver and gold foil-wrapped arms converging at a central point.
Advanced SCATerometers
Text description of the Advanced SCATerometers image.

The image depicts an arrangement of three elongated, rectangular structures converging at a central point, forming a Y-shape. Each arm is wrapped in metallic material, predominantly silver with sections covered in gold foil. The gold foil appears crumpled, providing a textured contrast to the smooth silver surfaces. The structures are connected at the intersection by additional layers of gold foil, creating a highlighted focal point.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

in two parallel swaths 550 kilometers wide

A satellite with reflective sails above Earth, with colorful data imagery on the atmosphere.
in two parallel swaths 550 kilometers wide
Text description of the in two parallel swaths 550 kilometers wide image.

The image shows a satellite positioned above the Earth, with a focus on its reflective sails. The satellite, located in the top left corner, is emitting thin, transparent, triangular reflective panels that fan out below it. These panels appear to be capturing or reflecting light, creating partially visible rainbows of color across their surface. Below the satellite, part of Earth's curved surface is visible, mostly covered in blue and white, representing oceans and clouds. The background transitions from light to dark, suggesting space extending into the distance. Colorful, curved lines, resembling topographical or data visualization imagery, span horizontally across the atmosphere.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

image labeled "AMSU"

Meteorological map showing spiraling wind patterns over the southeastern U.S. and Gulf of Mexico.
image labeled "AMSU"
Text description of the "AMSU image.

The image is a meteorological map depicting wind patterns over the southeastern United States and parts of the Gulf of Mexico. The map is overlaid with black arrows and lines that indicate wind direction and speed, forming a spiraling pattern that suggests a cyclone. The background features latitude and longitude lines with markings from 19N to 33N and 82W to 96W. Coastal outlines of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida are visible. The arrows point mostly inward, suggesting a central low-pressure area typical of a storm.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

image labeled "CDFT"

A weather map showing wind patterns over the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding regions on September 11, 2008.
image labeled "CDFT"
Text description of the CDFT image.

The image is a weather map depicting wind patterns over the Gulf of Mexico and surrounding areas on September 11, 2008. Black wind barbs are distributed across the map, indicating wind direction and speed. The barbs point in various directions and have different numbers of flags, representing varying wind speeds. The map is annotated with latitude and longitude lines, and also features geographical outlines of the southeastern United States, including Florida, and parts of Mexico. The land areas are shaded in light gray. The map includes grid lines for reference with labels at the edges.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

image labeled "IRWD"

Map showing wind patterns over the Gulf of Mexico in the form of concentric circles.
image labeled "IRWD
Text description of the image labeled "IRWD image.

The image is a black and white meteorological chart depicting wind patterns over the Gulf of Mexico. The map features the coastline of the southern United States at the top and the Yucatan Peninsula at the bottom. A series of concentric circles formed by arrows and lines illustrates a cyclone or storm system, with the arrows indicating the wind direction and intensity. The image shows latitude and longitude lines, with labels such as 19N to 33N for latitude and 82W to 96W for longitude, indicating the geographic coordinates.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

capillary and/or gravity waves

Close-up view of capillary waves on a water surface with light and shadow contrasts.
capillary and/or gravity waves
Text description of the capillary and/or gravity waves image.

The image exhibits a close-up view of capillary waves on a water surface. These are small, delicate waves with smooth, flowing patterns that create a textured appearance across the entire image. The surface appears to have alternating light and dark areas, highlighting the wave ridges and troughs. The light catches the ridges, creating a shimmering effect that adds to the intricacy of the pattern.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

saw previously in this QuikSCAT image

Weather map showing wind patterns in the southeastern U.S. and Atlantic Ocean with colored arrows indicating wind speed and direction.
saw previously in this QuikSCAT image
Text description of the saw previously in this QuikSCAT image image.

The image is a weather map showing wind patterns in the southeastern United States and parts of the Atlantic Ocean. It includes states like Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina, along with the Gulf of Mexico and parts of the Caribbean. Colored arrows indicate wind direction and speed, with a color scale ranging from dark blue for lighter winds to red for stronger winds. A concentration of arrows in a circular pattern is visible near the Gulf of Mexico, indicating a possible cyclonic activity. The background is white, with latitude and longitude lines marked in black.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE

this image from the radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite

Satellite view of a weather pattern showing clouds labeled as Gust Front and
this image from the radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite
Text description of the this image from the radar aboard the ERS-1 satellite image.

The image is a grayscale satellite view depicting a weather pattern over a geographic area. The upper portion of the image shows a landmass with visible patterns of development likely representing urban areas. The central and lower sections of the image exhibit dark and light cloud formations over the water. Labeled lines mark key features: "Gust Front" is pointing to an area in the clouds near the center, and "Rain" is indicated towards the right. The clouds appear thick and varied in texture, with some areas denser and darker than others.

Credit: CREDIT_HERE