The Temperature Sector

Figure 1. A very simple STELLA model of Earth’s climate system. The three colored sectors show the parts of the model that keep track of the energy coming in to the Earth from the Sun, the energy leaving the Earth through emitted heat, and the average surface temperature of the Earth.

Click for a text description of Figure 1.

This STELLA diagram visually represents the planetary climate model by categorizing key climate-related variables into three main groups: Energy In (yellow area), Temperature (red area), and Energy Out (blue area).

• Energy In (Yellow Area):
  • Factors affecting incoming solar energy: Solar Constant, Albedo, Surf Area.
  • These variables influence Insolation, which directs energy to Earth Heat.
• Temperature (Red Area):
  • Includes Ocean Depth, Water Density, and Heat Capacity, which influence Temperature.
  • Temperature interacts with Earth Heat and contributes to heat exchange processes.
• Energy Out (Blue Area):
  • Outgoing energy factors include Heat Emitted, LW Int, and LW Slope.
  • Earth Heat emits energy, balancing the system.

Arrows show the flow of energy and interactions between these factors. The diagram helps illustrate the components regulating planetary climate.

David Bice@ Penn State is licensed by CC-BY-NC-4.0

The Temperature sector (brown in Fig. 1) of the model establishes the temperature of the Earth’s surface based on the amount of thermal energy stored in the Earth’s surface. In order to figure out the temperature of something given the amount of thermal energy contained in that object, we have to divide that thermal energy by the product of the mass of the object times the heat capacity of the object. Here is how it looks in the form of an equation: (see directions for how view images in a larger format)

$$T = \frac{E}{A \times d \times \rho \times C_{p }}$$ or $$\text{Temperature }= \frac{\text{Energy }}{\text{area} \times \text{depth} \times \text{density }\times \text{heat capacity }}$$

Let’s look at it with just the units, to make sure that things cancel out:

$$\left[ { }^{\mathrm{O} } \mathrm{K} \right] = \frac{[ \mathrm{J} ] }{\left[ {\mathrm{m} }^{2 }\right] \times [ \mathrm{m} ] \times [ \mathrm{kg} ] \times \left[ {\mathrm{m} }^{- 3 }\right] \times [ \mathrm{J} ] \times \left[ {\mathrm{kg} }^{- 1 }\right] \times \left[ { }^{\circ }{\mathrm{K} }^{- 1 }\right] }$$

This can be simplified by combining, rearranging, and canceling to give:

$$[°K]=\frac{\cancel{[m3]}\times \cancel{[kg]}\times \cancel{[J]}\times [°K]}{\cancel{[m3]}\times \cancel{[kg]}\times \cancel{[J]}}$$

Here, E is the thermal energy stored in Earth’s surface [Joules], A is the surface area of the Earth [m²], d is the depth of the oceans involved in short-term climate change [m], ρ is the density of seawater [kg/m³] and Cp is the heat capacity of water [Joules/kg°K]. We assume water to be the main material absorbing, storing, and giving off energy in the climate system since most of Earth’s surface is covered by the oceans. The terms in the denominator of the above fraction will all remain constant during the model’s run through time — they are set at the beginning of the model and can be altered from one run to the next. This means that the only reason the temperature changes is because the energy stored changes.