PV System Safety
PV System Safety eab14As we discussed earlier, PV systems consist of multiple mechanical and electrical components, and so safety practices and procedures are critical to reducing or eliminating installation errors, electrical hazards, or injury (or death) on job sites. We saw that NEC has guides for safety requirements for designing and installing PV systems such as voltage and current limits, OCPD and ground-fault devices, and disconnects.
Aside from the aforementioned regulations, this section describes safety practices and procedures that must be used to install PV systems. PV is an electrical system, and workers can get injured. Non-electrical hazards are usually caused by human error, due to carelessness or failure to adhere to safety requirements. Installers should be alerted to different non-electric hazards they may encounter on the installation site. Cuts, bumps, falls, and sprains can cause as much hazard and lost time as electrical shock and burn hazards.
Occupancy Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
The Occupancy Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) creates a set of regulations that requires employers to provide a safe place for employees while reducing hazards. OSHA 29 CFR part 1926 applied to general construction practices includes several practices applicable to PV systems. OSHA 10 is a recommended basic training for all workers.
In order for PV installers to reduce/eliminate their number of injuries, an awareness of potential hazards and a program where safety rules are frequently reviewed are required. This can be accomplished based on safety training series' offered to workers. Construction sites contain a number of risks that we will discuss in this section. Installers should know that these risks are continuously changing based on new materials and technologies, so regular updates on these topics are recommended.
Note:
There was a time when training was not available for workers to comply with safety regulations. One of the best, effective ways to convey the importance of complying with regulations is by illustrating real examples of incidents. For that reason, OSHA has put together a series of training videos to make training appealing to workers. Some of these videos on the following pages are directly related to PV installations, and some are general examples of construction work related hazards. We encourage our solar professionals to watch all videos to get an idea about the importance of OSHA training and safety regulations in general.
Electrical Hazards
Electrical Hazards eab14Common electrical accidents are classified as:
- Direct injuries such as electric shocks, burns, or electrocution
- Indirect injuries, such as traumatic injuries associated with falls after an electrical shock
- Concussions
- Eye damage
These injuries can occur when electric current flows through the human body. The injury can become critical depending on the amount of current, the path through the body, and the duration. It is difficult to estimate when current will flow or the severity of the injury that might occur because the resistivity of human skin varies from just under a few ohms to several hundred thousand ohms depending primarily on skin condition and moisture. DC current generated by PV systems can cause continuous arc, and if it travels through a part of the body, it may cause serious burns. Power conditioning units are hazards, as they generate high AC voltage that can cause injuries as well.
This OSHA prevention video describes how to prevent deaths and injuries from employees' contact with overhead power lines while using ladders. Find more information on this topic on the OSHA website.
Video: Electrocution/Work Safely with Ladders Near Power Lines (5:41)
In the U.S., hundreds of construction workers die every year while on the job, with over 700 fatalities just in the year 2011. The third leading cause of these deaths is electrocution. Electrocutions cause one of every ten construction worker deaths, with nearly 70 deaths in 2011. But these deaths can be prevented. The video you are about to see shows how quickly contact with overhead power lines can result in the electrocution of a worker. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and protect workers against possible hazards. You’ll see that training workers, pre-job planning and taking the right precautions save lives. Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
Two workers were hired to caulk windows on a new three-story townhouse. There were overhead power lines located 20 feet from the house and about 25 feet above ground level. One worker was using a 40-foot metal extension ladder to reach and caulk the third story windows, while another worker was on the ground caulking windows. The ladder was extended to reach a vertical height of 31 feet above ground. The ladder’s base was set 8 feet from the side of the townhouse.
After the worker finished one window, he came down from the ladder. He tried to move by the ladder by himself, with the ladder still extended in the upright position. But the ladder was top heavy and too unstable and it fell backwards while the worker was still holding it. As it fell, the aluminum ladder contacted the overhead power line near the townhome. Because the worker was using a highly conductive metal ladder, it allowed the electrical current in the power lines to reach the worker. He died instantly.
Let’s look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. Originally the worker climbed down the ladder and tried to move it by himself. Because the ladder was still in the upright position and extended, it was too hard to handle even though the worker was himself a safe distance from the power line. As a result, it fell over and hit the power line. Because the worker was holding the metal ladder when it hit the power line, it allowed current to pass through the worker’s body to the ground.
Now let’s take a look at the worker doing the same task safely: This time, before starting to work, the worker and his foreman inspect the area including checking for overhead power lines. After checking on the voltages with the utility company, the foreman and the worker discuss safe working distances from the power lines. The foreman reminds the worker of the need to keep himself and the ladder clear of the power lines at all times. As an added safety precaution a fiberglass ladder is selected for use in this area. While the fiberglass ladder is heavier, it has non-conductive side rails and two workers can safely handle it. As before, the worker climbs down the ladder to move to the second window, but this time he calls over to his co-worker to help move the ladder. The two workers first bring the extended section down, and then carry the ladder horizontally toward the second window to prevent the ladder from hitting the overhead power lines.
Now that you have seen how to perform this work safely, let’s go over some important points to prevent these types of electrocutions at work sites: All workers need to be trained about the hazards. Maintain clearance from overhead power lines. Working too close can expose the worker to an electric arc that could result in burns, a shock, or electrocution even if the worker does not contact the power line. In addition to maintaining clearance from overhead lines, use ladders with non-conductive side rails as an added safety precaution. Using ladders with non-conductive side rails is safer but not a guarantee of protection from an energized power line. In addition, ladders are not rated for electrical safety, so, it is important to always use safety precautions that maintain safe distances from overhead power lines.
Inspect ladders before and after each use. Only use ladders that are clean, dry and undamaged. For example, if a fiberglass ladder is not kept clean, dry, and in undamaged condition it can conduct electricity. Don’t carry or move extension ladders in the upright position. Get help moving ladders to keep control and prevent accidental contact with energized overhead power lines. If a ladder should accidentally hit an overhead power line do not touch it, quickly move away and call the electric utility company immediately. If appropriate clearance from an overhead power line cannot be met, contact the utility company to de-energize and ground the line or request the utility company install insulation over the lines to protect workers.
This example shows the importance of employers following OSHA standards to ensure that workers are provided with a safe workplace. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The protection measures shown here save workers’ lives. Use these protections on the job: it could be the difference between life and death. If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA. That’s 1-800-321-6742.
This OSHA prevention video describes how to prevent deaths and injuries from contact with overhead power lines while using cranes. Find more information on this topic on the OSHA website.
Video: Prevent Electrocutions: Work Safely with Cranes near Power Lines (3:53)
In the U.S., hundreds of construction workers die every year while on the job, with over 700 fatalities just in the year 2011. The third leading cause of these deaths is electrocution. Electrocutions cause one of every ten construction worker deaths, with nearly 70 deaths in 2011. But these deaths can be prevented. The video you are about to see shows how quickly contact with overhead power lines can result in the electrocution of a worker. The video will also show what employers must do to ensure that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and protect workers against possible hazards. You'll see that training workers, pre-job planning and taking the right precautions save lives. Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and may be disturbing to some people. All scenes are based on actual events.
Two construction workers were replacing a section of pipe in a trench next to a road. They were using a crane to unload the pipe from a truck and place it on the ground close to the trench. While one worker operated the crane, another worker was on the ground to help direct the pipe toward the ground near the trench. The worker directing the pipe had one hand on the tagline, which was attached to the rigging used to lift the load. As the crane operator began to move the pipe, the crane's boom contacted an overhead power line. The electrical current traveled through the boom, down the load line, along the tagline, and reached the worker. He died instantly.
Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. The worksite did not have many of the required controls in place to protect workers from overhead power line hazards. For instance, before the work started, the employer had not set up the required clearance distance to keep the crane a safe distance from the overhead power line.
Let's take a look at the same work area, this time with proper precautions in place. All workers are trained, this includes the crane operator being certified and the rigger and spotter fully qualified. Because the line is "live" (or energized), the employer has taken steps to keep a safe distance from the power line: The foreman obtained the voltage of the overhead power line from the utility company. Based on the voltage, he determined the minimum required distance of the crane from the power line. A pre-job safety planning meeting was held. Flags are set up to show the boundary that must not be crossed. A non-conductive tag line is used to control the movement of the pipes. The truck is no longer directly below the power line. And a spotter is on site with a two-way radio to communicate with the operator.Higher voltage lines will require greater minimum safe distances and additional precautions than those shown here. Now, as the pipe is moved, the boom remains a safe distance from the power lines and the worker safely guides the pipe towards the ground near the trench.
This video shows one of several options employers can use to keep workers safe when operating cranes near power lines. Not all worksites are the same, and the precautions could be different than those shown here. Construction deaths from electrocutions are preventable. The precautions shown here save workers' lives. Follow safe crane operation requirements on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Recommendations:
According to the OSHA website, Lockout/Tagout (LOTO) refers to "specific practices and procedures to safeguard employees from the unexpected energization or startup of machinery and equipment, or the release of hazardous energy during service or maintenance activities." This can be done by:
- Lockout AC or DC power source disconnects using appropriate locks.
- Labeling all deactivated circuits and equipment when they can be energized.
The following video (1:57) offers more information on this subject.
Video: Electrical Panel Repair Results in Electrocution (1:57)
An electrician was working on an open electrical panel on a ship. He needed to add a new cable and attach it to a breaker within the panel. The electrician identified the isolation breaker that fed the entire panel on the schematic drawing. The electrician de-energized the breaker and properly tagged out. As the electrician was fitting the new cable into the panel his left hand came into contact with the panel's main bust bars. Four hundred forty volts of current passed from the bus bars through his left hand, across his chest, and out his right hand that braced him against the panel electrocuting him. At some point the tagged out isolation breaker had been crossed wired with another breaker. The electrician did not know that the panel he was working on was never de-energized. (MUSIC)
Let's look at some of the contributing factors that led to this fatality.
Employees should verify the location of all energy isolation points. Employees must check or test electrical panels or electrically powered equipment to ensure they are in fact de-energized before working inside them or within the vicinity of exposed electrical circuits. Inform all contractors and subcontractors of the ship's systems and/or modifications to the systems prior to beginning work. (MUSIC)
Battery Hazards
Any system with batteries forms a potential hazard. Some areas of concern include:
- Electrical Burns: Shorting the terminals of a typical battery that might be found in a PV system can cause high currents to flow for a few seconds. Severe burns and death can occur even though the voltage is low.
- Acid Burns: Any battery acid can cause burns if it comes in contact with exposed skin or eyes.
- Gas Explosion or Fire: Most batteries used in PV systems release gas as a result of the charging process. This gas may be flammable gas and can create a hazard.
Recommendations:
- Safety gloves and goggles should be worn when dealing with such hazards.
- Keep all flames and equipment that could create a spark, such as a controller with relays, away from batteries.
- The battery should be located in a well-ventilated area.
Falling Hazards
Falling Hazards eab14A fall is considered the primary cause of death in the construction industry. OSHA fall protection regulations apply to PV systems since PV systems can be installed in locations where climbing a ladder, working on roof, or use scaffolds is required.
A training on fall protection should be offered to workers on how to use fall protection systems and devices to avoid injuries that include:
- Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS): Such as anchorages, lifelines, and body harnesses
- Guardrails: For open-sided floors with top rail 39”-45” tall, mid rails, and lower rail at least 3 ½” high.
- Safety nets : Required for work sites 25’ and more above ground to catch falling workers and reduce fall-related injuries.
- Stairways and ladders
: OSHA requires all elevations 19” and more to have stairways or ladders with certain regulations to meet safety requirements.
- Ladder
- Position ladder at an angle such that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the ladder is 1/4 the working length of the ladder
- Ladder rail extension: When using a portable ladder for access to an upper landing surface, the side rails must extend at least 3 feet above the upper landing surface—the ladder must be tied-off and a grab rail provided if the 3-foot extension cannot be achieved. 29CFR1926.1053(b)(1)
- Face the ladder when going up or down when climbing a Ladder
- Use at least one hand to grab the ladder when going up or down
- Do not carry any object or load that could cause you to lose balance
- 29 CFR 1926 1053(b) (20), (21) and (22)
- Ladder
- Warning line systems: A barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge. They contain an area where roofing work may take place without fall protection systems 1926.500 (b)
- Safety monitors: to warn workers when it appears they are unaware of a fall hazard or are acting in an unsafe manner. A safety monitor must be:
- A competent person
- At same level
- Within sight
- Able to communicate
- Free from other responsibilities that could distract the monitoring
The following video discusses OSHA's fall protection policies for residential construction.
Video: OSHA's Fall Protection Policies for Residential Construction (26:25)
Hello and welcome to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Residential Fall Protection Program Update. My name is Damon Bono, and I am a Safety and Health Specialist in OSHA's Directorate of Construction, Office of Construction Services. I will be your facilitator for today’s presentation. This presentation is intended to provide information about recent policy changes related to OSHA’s residential construction fall protection enforcement. Please note that this presentation itself is not a standard or regulation; it does not create new legal obligations nor alter existing obligations established by OSHA standards or the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
The photographs used throughout this presentation are meant to provide examples of fall protection systems. They do not encompass all possible methods suitable for residential construction and may not be appropriate in every scenario. Employers must ensure that the fall protection methods they use comply with applicable OSHA requirements.
On December 16, 2010, OSHA rescinded policy directive STD 03-00-001 (the plain language revision of STD 3.1, Interim Fall Protection Compliance Guidance for Residential Construction, dated June 18, 1999). That older directive allowed certain alternative methods of fall protection in residential construction. It has now been replaced with STD 03-11-002, Compliance Guidance for Residential Construction. OSHA is also reviewing letters of interpretation referencing the rescinded directive and will revise or withdraw them as necessary. Enforcement of the new directive began on June 16, 2011. OSHA and state compliance officers have received training to ensure consistent enforcement across the country.
The old directive was rescinded because it had not been effective in reducing fatalities. Falls remain a leading cause of death in residential construction. In 2008 and 2009, falls accounted for 34% of construction fatalities, and 35% since 2005. Residential falls made up about 29% of all construction fall fatalities, and roof falls accounted for nearly 35% of those. Given advances in available fall protection equipment, OSHA determined that it was time to implement stronger enforcement of standard protections.
The new directive requires that all employers performing residential construction work at six feet or more above lower levels use conventional fall protection systems—guardrails, safety nets, or personal fall arrest systems—as defined under 29 CFR 1926.501(b). The special alternative procedures once permitted are no longer automatically acceptable; employers must now show that conventional fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard before using other methods like safety monitors or slide guards. These exceptions must be supported by a written, site-specific fall protection plan that meets the requirements of 1926.502(k).
To qualify as residential construction under the directive, two conditions must be met: the structure must be a home or dwelling, and it must be built using traditional wood frame materials and methods. Limited use of steel I-beams or light-gauge steel studs does not disqualify a project. Structures built with masonry or brick are also included. However, extensive use of precast concrete or steel I-beams beyond typical wood frame support disqualifies a structure from being considered residential.
Training is a critical component of any fall protection program. Employers must train workers to recognize and avoid fall hazards, and training must cover applicable standards. Procedures for retraining should be in place, and documentation of the most current certification must be available on-site.
There are three primary types of conventional fall protection systems: guardrails, safety nets, and personal fall arrest systems. Guardrails, defined in 1926.502(b), are passive systems requiring no action by the worker once properly installed. Toe boards must also be installed where there is a risk of falling objects. Guardrails can be mounted in various ways and should be installed following manufacturer or professional engineer instructions.
Safety nets, although less common in residential work, are another passive system. They must be positioned as close as possible under the working surface, with adequate clearance to prevent contact with lower surfaces. Only trained personnel should install or adjust them. They must also be drop-tested or certified for use.
Personal fall arrest systems are the most widely used in residential construction. They consist of an anchorage point, a body harness, and a connector (such as a lanyard). These components—known as the ABCs of fall protection—must meet specific strength requirements. Anchorage points must support at least 5,000 pounds or be designed and used under a qualified person's supervision. The body harness must fit properly and distribute fall forces over the torso. Lanyards and connectors must also meet specific strength and locking requirements to prevent disengagement.
OSHA recognizes that properly rigged personal fall restraint systems, which prevent the worker from reaching the fall hazard, may be used in place of fall arrest systems. However, these systems are typically more suitable for edge work and must be carefully adjusted to prevent slack.
There are many methods and technologies that contractors use to reduce fall risks in residential construction. Ladders, scaffolds, and aerial lifts help reduce falls from height. Platform ladders, interior scaffolding, wall brackets, and pump jack systems all offer greater stability and flexibility. Guardrails can be pre-installed or reused through different construction phases, minimizing fall risks throughout.
Contractors also use area lifts and scaffold enclosures to protect workers during siding and roofing installation. Systems like safety boot-installed guardrails can remain in place through multiple construction stages, protecting workers until permanent handrails are installed.
Whenever possible, components of the building should be assembled on the ground. This reduces the frequency and duration of exposure to fall hazards. Pre-installing guardrails or siding before lifting walls into place is an effective method.
Openings like stairwells and open sides must always be guarded. If employers can demonstrate that conventional fall protection is infeasible or more hazardous, they must implement a site-specific fall protection plan. This plan must meet the requirements of 1926.501(b)(13) and 1926.502(k), be prepared by a qualified person, maintained on-site, and implemented under a competent person’s supervision. It must explain why conventional systems cannot be used, outline alternative practices, and identify controlled access zones. It must also be updated in the event of a fall or near miss.
Safety monitors, if used, must be competent persons with no other duties and must be able to stop unsafe work. All workers in the controlled access zone must follow their instructions.
Appendix E of Subpart M includes a sample fall protection plan to guide employers and employees.
In closing, OSHA believes that conventional fall protection is feasible and does not generally create a greater hazard in residential construction. Significant advancements in available equipment mean employers have more options than ever to protect workers. Employers previously following the old directive had until June 16, 2011, to comply with the current requirements. Every worker has the right to return home safely, and it's our shared responsibility to make that a reality.
Thank you, and please contact your local OSHA office with questions. You can also reach out to your state’s on-site consultation program for free services or contact OSHA directly using the information on the final slide. Be safe.
The following videos cover various falls in construction.
Video: Falls in Construction/Bridge Decking (3:21)
Falls in Construction/Bridge Decking.
More than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented.
The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers'deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
Two workers were installing deck pans onto a bridge. They were not wearing any personal fall protection and there was no safety net below the bridge. One of the workers was preparing to weld the next deck pan into place.
While walking toward a deck pan that needed to be secured, the worker tripped and fell onto an unsecured deck pan. The deck pan slid away from her, creating an opening. She fell for 75 feet, landing on the ground below. She died instantly from her injuries.
Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. The workers had no fall protection, which OSHA requires the employer provide when working at heights of 15 feet and above.
Let's see what happens when these workers use fall protection. Now there is a temporary horizontal lifeline attached along the beams. Each worker wears a full-body harness and connects to the lifeline using a self-retractable lanyard with self rescue capabilities The horizontal lifeline system can use two or more anchors connected to one of the concrete beams. Once attached to the beam, a cable is run between the anchors, and the lanyard is connected to the cable.
As before, while walking toward a deck pan that needed to be secured, the worker tripped and fell onto an unsecured deck pan. The horizontal lifeline stops her from falling to the ground. The worker is lowered slowly to the ground.
Another way to protect these workers is to use a safety net. So now, when the worker trips and falls onto the unsecured deck pan, the net stops her from falling to the ground.
This example shows the importance of employers following OSHA's fall protection standards to ensure that workers are provided with a safe workplace. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Video: Falls in Construction/Fixed Scaffolds (2:58)
Falls in Construction/Fixed Scaffolds.
In the U.S., more than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented.
The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers' deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
A worker was installing vinyl siding on a two-story townhome. He was standing on a ladder that was placed on top of a scaffold. A co-worker was on the scaffold cutting pieces of siding. The scaffold had no guardrails. The workers were not wearing any fall protection.
While standing on the top step of the ladder, the worker putting up siding overreached to one side and the ladder overturned. He fell nearly 20 feet and landed on the driveway below. He died later that day from injuries caused by the fall.
Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. Originally, the worker installing siding was standing on a ladder that was placed on top of a scaffold. This is a very serious and dangerous OSHA violation.
Also, there was no fall protection for these workers. OSHA requires employers to provide workers with fall protection when they are working on scaffolds more than 10 feet above a lower level.
Let's look again at the worker installing siding. But now, the worker is standing on a fully-decked pump-jack scaffold. It has guardrails at the top, middle, and ends. So, instead of being at risk from falling while installing siding, this worker is now protected from fall hazards.
This example shows the importance of following OSHA's fall protection standards. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742
Video: Falls in Construction/Floor Openings (3:05)
Falls in Construction/Floor Openings.
More than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented. The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers'deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories. Two workers were framing the walls of a new two-story house with a basement.
They were working on the second floor near an open stairwell. There was no guardrail or floor cover, and the workers were not wearing personal fall protection. After framing one section of a wall, the workers raised it and moved forward to put it into place. While moving forward, one of the workers stepped towards the unguarded stairwell to hold the side of the wall section.
He fell down the unguarded stairwell opening. He fell 20 feet and landed on the concrete basement floor. He died from fatal head and internal injuries. Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. Originally, the workers were nailing in the boards to frame a section of the new wall, and the stairwell was not protected by a guardrail. Now, the stairwell is protected by a guardrail as required by OSHA.
As before, the workers are moving forward to install the completed wall section. This time, as the worker steps toward the stairwell, the guardrail stops him; he continues forward to place the framed section in place. Another way to protect workers is by putting a proper cover over the stairwell opening.
The cover must be secure. As shown here, the worker steps onto the cover and continues to put the section in place.
This example shows the importance of following OSHA's fall protection standards. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Video: Falls in Construction/Leading Edge Work (3:01)
Falls in Construction/Leading Edge Work.
More than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented.
The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers'deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
Four workers were insulating the roof and applying the top layer of sheet metal roof decking on a tall, pre-engineered building. The roof was fairly flat, there was no controlled decking zone, and the workers were not wearing any personal fall protection. The workers were using drills to screw the metal sheets into the purlins.
As one of the workers walked down the roof, he lost his footing. He fell through the space between the purlins, and landed on the floor below. He died the next day from his injuries.
Let's look at the events that led up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. Originally, the workers had no fall protection, which OSHA requires the employer to provide when working at heights of 15 feet and above.
Let's look again at the workers installing the metal roofing sheets and see what happens when these workers use fall protection. They are now using a temporary horizontal lifeline. This involves a horizontal cable attached to two or more anchor points on the roof. In this system, the workers connect their harnesses to a horizontal lifeline that is secured to the roof structure instead of individual anchor points.
Again, as the worker loses his footing and falls between the purlins, his lifeline stops him from falling to the floor below. While he is hanging from his fall arrest system, a co-worker brings over a lift and rescues the worker.
This example shows the importance of employers following OSHA's fall protection standards to ensure that workers are provided with a safe workplace. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Video: Falls in Construction/Reroofing (3:02)
Falls in Construction/Reroofing.
More than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented.
The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers'deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
Two workers were reroofing a two-story home with a pitched roof. They were not wearing any personal fall protection. The workers used nail guns to install shingles over an old layer of shingles.
One of the workers was close to the edge of the roof. As she reached to pick up another shingle, she lost her balance. She slipped off the edge of the roof. She fell more than 20 feet and landed on the driveway below. She died instantly from her injuries.
Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. Originally, the workers had no fall protection, which OSHA requires when working in residential construction at heights of 6 feet and above.
Let's look again at the workers installing shingles. Now, they are both wearing personal fall arrest systems. Each system has a full-body harness, a rope-grab lifeline, and connectors. Snaphooks connect each worker's rope-grab lifeline to secure roof anchors, which are located higher up on the roof. D-rings connect the workers' safety harnesses to their rope-grab lifelines.
As before, the worker reaches over to pick up a shingle, loses her balance, slips, and falls. But now, because she is wearing a fall arrest system, she only slips 2 feet and doesn't fall off the roof.
This example shows the importance of following OSHA's fall protection standards. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Video: Falls in Construction/Skylights (3:08)
Falls in Construction/Skylight.
More than 800 construction workers die every year while on the job. Falls are the number one cause of fatalities in construction. Falls cause one of every three construction worker deaths. These falls happen in a split second while workers are on roofs, scaffolds, ladders, bridges, and other work surfaces. But these deaths can be prevented.
The video you are about to see shows how quickly falls at construction sites can lead to workers' deaths. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that using the right type of fall protection saves lives.
Please be advised. The scenes you are about to see deal with deaths at construction sites and might be disturbing for some people. All scenes are based on true stories.
Two workers were reroofing a two-story townhome. They were not wearing any personal fall protection, but guardrails were installed on the roof. The roof of the building was pitched and there was one skylight in the area that the workers were reroofing. One worker was using a nail gun to install new shingles over the single layer of old shingles. He was installing shingles in the center of the roof near an unguarded skylight. A co-worker was setting shingles.
As the worker nailed shingles near the unguarded skylight, he stepped backwards onto it. The skylight was not strong enough to hold his weight, and it broke. He fell through the skylight. He fell 15 feet, and landed on the floor below. He was badly injured and died two days later at the hospital.
Let's look at the events leading up to this tragic incident, and see how it could have been prevented. The roof already had guardrails, so the employer thought his workers were protected from fall hazards. But, he was wrong. Originally, when the worker was installing shingles near the skylight, the skylight was only covered by a translucent plastic dome. Now, the skylight is guarded by a cover that meets OSHA requirements. As before, the worker is nailing in shingles. Now, as he steps backwards, instead of stepping onto the skylight, he bumps into the cover, regains his footing, and continues installing shingles.
This example shows the importance of following OSHA's fall protection standards. These types of construction deaths are preventable. The fall protection measures shown here save workers' lives.
Use fall protection on the job: it could be the difference between life and death.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Special Consideration
Special Consideration eab14Different slopes for rooftop PV and fall protection
There are two types of slopes that exist on roofs, and special attention should be taken:
- Steep-slope roof = a roof having a slope greater than 4’ in 12’ (vertical to horizontal)
- Low-slope roof = a roof having a slope less than or equal to 4’ in 12’ (vertical to horizontal)
Conveyors and hoists
Require emergency stop switches at the operator station or the motor
Scaffolding
At heights greater than 10 feet, the fall protection requirement for workers on scaffolds is different from the general construction requirement at 6 feet or greater, as mentioned in section 29CFR1926.451(g)(1). See the following video for more.
Video: Scaffolding Collapse, Welder Falls (1:27)
Scaffolding Collapse; Welder Falls.
A welder was erecting scaffolding inside a vessel that was under construction. The welder attached the scaffolding to the bulkhead using brackets clips that are temporarily tack welded in place. The welder was trained and certified to install and weld these type of clips. After he finished assembling the scaffold structure with temporary welds, the welder walked out onto the scaffold boards. One of the bracket clips failed, causing him to fall 18 feet to the deck below. He died from massive injuries. (MUSIC)
What went wrong?
The bracket clips which require full welds were only tack welded. The welder should not have climbed onto the scaffolding with tack welded clips. Welds must be inspected before a scaffolding structure is placed into use. The welder was wearing a body harness, but did not tie off. Always wear a full body harness and tie off at heights of five feet or more. When accessing scaffolds, ladders should extend three feet above scaffold boards. (MUSIC)
Signal Persons
OSHA requires a signal person when:
- Point of operation (load travel or load placement) is not in full view of operator
- During crane travel, the direction of travel is obstructed
- The operator or person handling the load determines that it is needed because of site specific safety concern s
Hand and power tools
Each power tool has its own set of requirements for use, and some come with safeguards. For most PV systems, workers will use electric power tools, air-filled tools, hydraulic tools, and tools that require liquids such as gasoline. Good understanding of the hazards associated with the power source will reduce the number of potential incidents and injuries.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
Personal protective equipment (PPE) protects worker dangers, such as falling items, unsecured materials, and loud noises, that can cause injury. Examples of PPE include:
- Safety glasses
- Face shields for eye and face safety
- Hard hats for head protection
- Steel-toed safety shoes for foot protection
- Armor for hands and arms, such as gloves
- Hearing protection devices, such as earplugs or earmuffs
Other Hazards
Other Hazards eab14Exposure to sun
PV systems are installed where the sun is brightest and no shade exists. Sunburn and dehydration due to extreme temperature may occur.
Insects, Snakes, and Other Vermin
Installers should pay attention to any of inhabitant in the site where the PV system will be installed. Serious injuries may occur due to neglect. The site may be treated against these hazards before the installation starts.
Cuts and Bumps
Most PV systems contain metal items with sharp edges and can cause injury if you are not careful. Installers should wear gloves when handling metal, particularly if you are drilling or sawing.
Falls, Sprains, and Strains
Many PV systems are installed in remote areas in rough terrain with different altitudes. Walking to and around the site, particularly carrying materials or test equipment, can result in falls and/or sprains. Installers should follow correct dress codes from head to toe.
The following videos offer more on sprains and strains.
Video: Sprains and Strains in Construction/Pulling Cables (2:47)
Sprains and Strains in Construction/Pulling Cables.
Each year in the U.S., 31,000 construction workers seek medical attention due to sprains and strains suffered on the job. These injuries happen when the human body is forced to work beyond its limits. Lifting, pulling, pushing, reaching, bending, and other common construction activities can cause these injuries. The pain resulting from these injuries can last a lifetime and affect construction workers' lives at work and at home. But these injuries can be prevented.
This video shows how overexertion at construction sites can lead to worker injuries. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that taking the right protective steps can help prevent these injuries.
An experienced commercial electrician was wiring a newly built commercial building. He had been doing this kind of work for several years. While standing on a ladder that was too short for the job, he pulled long runs of a heavy gauge wire. He then attached the wiring above his head to the ceiling. The job involves awkward pulling movements while reaching overhead.
After several days on the job, the stress on the electrician's arms, neck, back, and shoulders has become too much. As a result, the pain the electrician feels has affected his ability to do the work.
Let's look at the events leading up to these injuries, and see how they could have been prevented. As before, the electrician is attaching wiring to the ceiling.
But this time, he is standing on an elevated platform that is the right height for the job. This reduces his overhead movements, and prevents stress to his body. Also, as he attaches the wiring, he is now using a mechanical wire puller to get the wire he needs. This way, he doesn't hurt himself by pulling the wire by hand and straining his body as he did before. Making these types of small changes in work activities can prevent painful injuries.
This example shows the importance of employers using OSHA's ergonomics guidelines. These are guidelines designed, so workers can avoid stress and injury to their bodies. These types of injuries are preventable.
Follow OSHA's guidelines at work sites. By following the guidelines, workers can avoid suffering a lifetime of pain from these injuries.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA that's 1-800-321-6742.
Video: Sprains and Strains in Construction/Laying Stone (2:44)
Sprains and Strains in Construction/Laying Stone.
Each year in the U.S., 31,000 construction workers seek medical attention due to sprains and strains suffered on the job. These injuries happen when the human body is forced to work beyond its limits. Lifting, pulling, pushing, reaching, bending, and other common construction activities can cause these injuries. The pain resulting from these injuries can last a lifetime and affect construction workers' lives at work and at home. But these injuries can be prevented.
This video shows how overexertion at construction sites can lead to worker injuries. The video will also show what employers must do so that the work can be done more safely. Employers have a responsibility to provide a safe workplace and required protective equipment. You'll see that taking the right protective steps can help prevent these injuries.
An experienced stonemason and her tender were using large stone pieces to build a walkway for a new two-story town home. A concrete slab was already in place, and the workers were putting the stone on top of the slab. The tender was mixing the mortar in five-gallon buckets and carrying the mortar to the mason.
After the mason spread some of the mortar onto the concrete slab, the workers bent over at the waist to pick up one of the heavy stone pieces. They kneeled down and hunched over to lay the stone piece on top of the mortar. After several days of carrying these heavy loads and kneeling and hunching while doing their work, both of these workers are experiencing severe lower back and knee pain.
Let's look at the events leading up to these injuries, and see how they could have been prevented. As before, the tender is mixing mortar. This time, a cement mixer is being used and the tender wheels the mortar over to the stonemason. The stone pieces have also been placed off the ground, and both workers are now wearing knee pads. After the mason spreads some of the mortar, the workers pick up and lay one of the stone pieces into the wet mortar. Making these types of small changes in work activities can prevent painful injuries.
This example shows the importance of employers using OSHA's ergonomics guidelines. These are guidelines designed, so workers can avoid stress and injury to their bodies. These types of injuries are preventable.
Follow OSHA's guidelines at work sites. By following the guidelines, workers can avoid suffering a lifetime of pain from these injuries.
If you would like more information, contact OSHA at www.osha.gov or 1-800-321-OSHA or 6742.
Burns
Metal left exposed in the sun can reach high temperatures that can cause serious thermal burns. In addition, most stand-alone PV systems contain acid batteries that can create acid burn hazards. Chemical burns will occur if the acid makes contact with an unprotected part of the body. Safety glasses and gloves are recommended for installers.